ENVIRONMENTAL AND ANIMAL ETHICS AND AESTHETICS, INCLUDING MAINLY ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETICS

James Gustave Speth's The Bridge at the Edge of the World: Capitalism, the Environment, and Crossing From Crisis to Sustainability (Yale).

Elaine Scarry, On Beauty and Being Just Princeton University pres 1999 (Scarry is at Harvard)

a nonfiction look at food preparation that reads more like an art-house experiment than a documentary. Exquisitely lensed in 35mm and Hi-Def digital by Geyrhalter, this eccentrically lovely and frequently horrifying film presents a series of minimalist tableaus from within farms, fields, salt mines, and packing plants to show naked truths about how we get our eats. "Heifer whines could be human cries," or so sang the Smiths, but this isn't merely about the food chain and those living things that must be destroyed so we may subsist. Gory blips of slaughterhouse footage are less explicitly shocking here than in Georges Franju's notorious short Blood of the Beasts, Barbet Schroeder's Maîtresse, or even fellow NYFF selection Insiang, whose very first shot is a pig dissection in close-up. This is more about the mechanical indifference to this necessary job (such as the aproned drone who casually chats on his cell phone out of earshot while a hanging cow's skin is messily shed behind him), where animals look like caged men, human workers have the demeanor of mindless robots, and stainless steel instruments seem almost organic and alive. But is that what it's really about? The film's ultimate strength and weakness are the very same, which is that Geyrhalter refuses to editorialize his findings nor subtitle the workers' probably banal discourse (barely audible, their words may as well be the muted trumpetings of Charlie Brown's teachers), outwardly stating in the film's synopsis that the intention is to let viewers draw their own conclusions. It's a brilliant concept and a bit of a cop-out, considering how much control he and editor Wolfgang Widerhofer show by contrasting sequences against one another chronologically, or depicting a factory worker methodically chewing her lunchtime morsels. Some will find a strange splendor in the cold technology that indirectly keeps us warm, others won't see the point without a conscious message, and still more will be outraged by seeing chirping baby chicks shot out of an engine like a fastball at the batting cages. This critic found much to digest (pun barely intended), with thoughts of FDA politics and standard practices, the ritualism and sacrifice of our own species, why baby animals are considered protectable innocents (and inversely, grown steaks-to-be just a fact of life), plus, on a meta level, how people's dietary philosophies will inform their reactions to the work. Aesthetically speaking, anyone who can pan, track, and offer wide-lens symmetry this provocative (the best crop-duster image since North by Northwest; a conveyer belt of processed chickens that looks like The Texas Chainsaw Massacre as a Busby Berkeley chorus line) deserves to find an audience of hungry cinephiles. From : http://www.premiere.com/filmfestivals/3173/new-york-film-festival-update-4.html

Impacts of Religion on Environmental Worldviews: The Teton Valley Case, Pages 704 - 718

The Ethics of Extension: Philosophical Speculation on Nonhuman Animals, Pages 157 - 180

How Should Animals Be Treated?, Pages 181 - 189 in Ethics, Place and Environment

Virtue and Respect for Nature: Ronald Sandler's Character and Environment, Pages 213 - 235

Dale Jamieson, 'sustainability and beyond', ch. 21 of my book, Morality's Progress (Oxford, 2002).

First-time filmmaker Godfrey Reggio's experimental documentary from 1983--shot mostly in the desert Southwest and New York City on a tiny budget with no script, then attracting the support of Francis Ford Coppola and George Lucas and enlisting the indispensable musical contribution of Philip Glass--delighted college students on the midnight circuit and fans of minimalism for many years.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/images/shores/red_crab_2556.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/sandy_shores.htm&h=332&w=500&sz=109&hl=en&start=3&sig2=waUkTEOA5ioYf6TflwXlUA&tbnid=j8VyFoYuZx4f4M:&tbnh=86&tbnw=130&ei=QAPoRoHyMpzwgALGz-yyBg&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dghost%2Bcrab%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG

Nature and Landscape: An Introduction to Environmental Aesthetics, Allen Carlson

Paper, 192 pages, ISBN: 978-0-231-14041-6 $24.50 / £14.50 December, 2008 columbia univ press

ELEPHANTS AND ETHICS: TOWARD A MORALITY OF COEXISTENCE Edited by CHRISTEN WEMMER AND CATHERINE A. CHRISTEN FROM THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS 2008?

Gill Aitken, “Animal Suffering; An Evolutionary Approach,” Environmental Values, 17,2 2008

Dale Jamieson, “The Rights of Animals and the Demands of Nature,” Environmental Values, 17,2 2008

John Benson, “Aesthetic and Other Values in the Rural Landscape,” Environmental Values, 17,2 2008

Holmes Rolston, “Mountain Majesties above Fruited Plains,” Environmental Ethics 30, 1 Spring 2008

Jason Simus, “Environmental Art and Ecological Citizenship,” Environmental Ethics 30, 1 Spring 2008

Helena Siipi, “Dimensions of Naturalness,” Ethics and the Environment 13,1 Spring 2008.

Charles Cockell, “Env. Ethics and size” Ethics and the Environment 13,1 Spring 2008.

Anders Schinkel, “Martha Nussbaum on Animal Rights Ethics and the Environment 13,1 Spring 2008.

The Wilderness Debate Rages On Continuing the Great New Wilderness Debate Edited by Michael P. Nelson and J. Baird Callicott University of Georgia Press Oct 2008

Philip Alperson, ed., Musical worlds: new Directions in the Philosophy of Music (Penn State Press, 1994), includes John Fisher’s “Rock ‘n’ Recording: The Ontological Complexity of Rock Music” Cage and Philosophy by Noel Carroll, Levinson on Evaluating Music, “Can White People Sing the Blues: Race ethinicity and Expressive Authenticity”

Ethics, Place & Environment A Journal of Philosophy & Geography, Volume 11 Issue 1 2008. Includes Mr Walzer's Neighborhood: The Need for Geographic Particularity in Distributive Ethics, Pages 1 - 16 Author: Eric O. Jacobsen, absract: n Spheres of Justice, Michael Walzer articulates an approach to distributive ethics based on complex equality that is closely attentive to the specific ways particular communities value goods. A renewed interest in place and geography among practitioners and theoreticians is giving rise to questions that are beyond the scope of Walzer's system and reveal abstractions at the geographic level that undercut his overall approach. This internal inconsistency weakens, but does not ultimately discount, Walzer's overall system of distributive ethics. When calibrated to allow for geographic particularity, Walzer's approach becomes even more useful to critique a range of contemporary development movements.

Failures of Imagination: Stuck and Out of Luck in the American Metropolis, Pages 17 - 32 Author: Robert Kirkman abstrace: Ethical choice and action in the built environment are complicated by the fact that moral agents often get stuck as they pursue their goals. A common way of getting stuck has its roots in human cognition: the failure of moral imagination, which shows most clearly when moral agents stand on either side of a sharp cultural divide, like the traditional divide between city and suburb. Being stuck is akin to bad moral luck: it is a situation beyond the control of the moral agent for which that agent might nevertheless be held responsible.; Biogeography and Evolutionary Emotivism, Pages 33 - 48 Author: Brian K. Steverson abstract: n Spheres of Justice, Michael Walzer articulates an approach to distributive ethics based on complex equality that is closely attentive to the specific ways particular communities value goods. A renewed interest in place and geography among practitioners and theoreticians is giving rise to questions that are beyond the scope of Walzer's system and reveal abstractions at the geographic level that undercut his overall approach. This internal inconsistency weakens, but does not ultimately discount, Walzer's overall system of distributive ethics. When calibrated to allow for geographic particularity, Walzer's approach becomes even more useful to critique a range of contemporary development movements.Exchange, Pages 49 - 90 Author: Brian K. Steverson

Environmental Aesthetics and Ecological Restoration Spring & Fall 2007 (Vol. 4, nos. 1 & 2) EDITORIAL PREFACE Ted Toadvine The Requirements for An Adequate Aesthetics of Nature Allen Carlson Performing Nature John Andrew Fisher Off the Beaten Path: The Artworks of Andrew Goldsworthy Nicolas de Warren hee Soft Side of Stone: Notes for a Phenomenology of Stone Arnold Berleant Forest and Philosophy: Toward an Aesthetics of Wood (Available for free download as PDF file) Galen A. Johnson

Sensing Environmentalism Anew: Gestate Witness of a More-than-Human World in Merleau-Ponty James Hatley Art + Ecology: Land Reclamation Works of Artists Robert Smithson, Robert Morris, and Helen Mayer Harrison and Newton Harrison Leslie Ryan Toronto’s Leslie Street Spit: Aesthetics and the Ecology of Marginal Land Jennifer Foster Toward a Richer Account of Restorative Practices Glenn Deliège Ecological Restoration, Aldo Leopold, and Beauty: An Evolutionary Tale Max Oelschlaeger Applying Systemic Thinking for Teaching Disturbed-Land Reclamation In Brazil James Jackson Griffith Continuity of Singularities: Urban Architectures, Ecology and the Aesthetics of Restorative Orders

WEBSITES OF INTEREST AND WEBSITE RESOURCES Rollin-Rolston Debate on Environmental Ethics: A debate on environmental ethics between Bernard Rollin and Holmes Rolston took place at Colorado State University on November 29, 1989 in which Rollin defended an animal welfare ethic and doubted the plausibility of an environmental ethic and Rolston defended an environmental ethic. This debate is now available online as a streaming video at Ethics Updates, University of San Diego (thanks to Larry Hinman) at either <http://ethics.sandiego.edu/video/Catalogue/detail.asp?ID_Video=339> or <http://ethics.sandiego.edu/video/Catalogue/detail.asp?ID_Video=340>. A DVD copy is also available on request from Holmes Rolston: <rolston@lamar.colostate.edu>.

––Armstrong, Susan, and Richard G. Botzler, eds. The Animal Ethics Reader, 2^nd edition. New York: Routledge, 2008. Contents include: , (62) "Exotic Species, Naturalisation, and Biological Nativism" by Ned Hettinger,

1.––Kraft, Michael E., and Sheldon Kamieniecki, eds. Business and Environmental Policy: Corporate Interests in the American Political System. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2007. Contents include: (1) "Analyzing the Role of Business in Environmental Policy" by Michael E. Kraft and Sheldon Kamieniecki, (2) "Framing ANWR: Citizens, Consumers, and the Privileged Position of Business" by Deborah Lynn Guber and Christopher J. Bosso,

–Mann, Charles C. "America, Found and Lost." National Geographic Vol. 211, no. 5 (May 2007): 32-67. "Jamestown: the real story: how settlers destroyed a native empire and changed the landscape from the ground up. How the English unsettled the landscape. Far from a pristine wilderness, the land inhabited by the Powhatan Indians was carefully managed. They burned undergrowth to keep the forest open, relocated their villages when crop depleted soils, and ranged widely to fish, hunt, and gather all they needed, moving with the seasons" (p. 46).

–McKibben Bill, ed. American Earth: Environmental Writing Since Thoreau. New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 2008 (distributed by Penguin Putnam). Contents include:

from Journals by Henry David Thoreau, (2) from Walden; or, Life in the Woods by Henry David Thoreau, (3) from Huckleberries by Henry David Thoreau, (4) from Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians by George Catlin, (5) "Fallen Forests" by Lydia Huntley Sigourney, (6) from Rural Hours by Susan Fenimore Cooper, (7) "Table Rock Album" by Susan Fenimore Cooper, (8) "This Compost" from Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman, (9) "Song of the Redwood-Tree" by Walt Whitman, (10) from Man and Nature by George Perkins Marsh, (11) from The Humbugs of the World by P.T. Barnum, (12) from A Thousand-Mile Walk to the Gulf by John Muir, (13) "A Wind-Storm in the Forests" by John Muir, (14) from My First Summer in the Sierra by John Muir, (15) "Hetch Hetchy Valley" by John Muir, (16) from Adventures in the Wilderness by W.H.H. Murray, (17) from A Review of Recent Changes, and Changes Which Have Been Projected, in the Plans of the Central Park by Frederick Law Olmstead, (18) "About Trees" by J. Sterling Morton, (19) "To Frank Michler Chapman" by Theodore Roosevelt, (20) "To John Burroughs" by Theodore Roosevelt, (21) "Speech at Grand Canyon, Arizona, May 6, 1903" by Theodore Roosevelt, (22) "The Scavengers" by Mary Austin, (23) from Man and the Earth by Nathaniel Southgate Shaler, (24) "The Art of Seeing Things" by John Burroughs, (25) "The Grist of the Gods" by John Burroughs, (26) "Nature Near Home" by John Burroughs, (27) "Prosperity" by Gifford Pinchot, (28) "The Bird Tragedy on Laysan Island" by William T. Hornaday, (29) "A Certain Oil Refinery" by Theodore Dreiser, (30) "The Last Passenger Pigeon" by Gene Stratton-Porter, (31) "Orion Rises on the Dunes" by Henry Beston, (32) "The Indigenous and the Metropolitan" by Benton MacKaye, (33) "What a few more seasons will do to the ducks" by J.N. "Ding" Darling, (34) from Wintertrip into New Country by Robert Marshall, (35) "Don Maquis what the ants are saying" by Robert Marshall, (36) "Letter from the Dust Bowl" by Caroline Henderson, (37) "Birds That Are New Yorkers" by Donald Culross Peattie, (38) "The Answer" by Robinson Jeffers, (39) "Carmel Point" by Robinson Jeffers, (40) from The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, (41) "This Land Is Your Land" by Woody Guthrie, (42) from The Everglades: River of Grass by Marjory Stoneman Douglas, (43) from A Sand County Almanac by Aldo Leopold, (44) "The Fog" by Berton Roueché, (45) "The Longest Day" by Edwin Way Teale, (46) from Living the Good Life by Helen and Scott Nearing, (47) "Northern Lights" by Sigurd F. Olson, (48) "Sootfall and Fallout" by E.B. White, (49) "How Flowers Changed the World" by Loren Eiseley, (50) from My Wilderness: The Pacific West by William O. Douglas, (51) "Dissent in Sierra Club v. Morton" by William O. Douglas, (52) from The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs, (53) from Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, (54) "The Great Paver" by Russell Baker, (55) "The Living Canyon" by Eliot Porter, (56) from The Wilderness Act of 1964 by Howard Zahniser, (57) "Remarks at the Signing of the Highway Beautification Act of 1965" by Lyndon B. Johnson, (58) from The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth by Kenneth E. Boulding, (59) "On the Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis" by Lynn White Jr., (60) "Polemic: Industrial Tourism and the National Parks" by Edward Abbey, (61) from The Population Bomb by Paul R. Ehrlich, (62) from "The Tragedy of the Commons" by Garrett Hardin, (63) "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?" by Philip K. Dickfrom, (64) "A Sample Day in the Kitchen" by Colin Fletcher, (65) "Spaceship Earth" by R. Buckminster Fuller, (66) "Mills College Valedictory Address" by Stephanie Mills, (67) "Smokey the Bear Sutra" by Gary Snyder, (68) "Covers the Ground" by Gary Snyder, (69) "The Beginning" by Denis Hayes, (70) "Millions Join Earth Day Observances Across the Nation" by Joseph Lelyveld, (71) "Big Yellow Taxi" by Joni Mitchell, (72) "Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)" by Marvin Gaye, (73) from Encounters with the Archdruid by John McPhee, (74) "Friends of the Earth from Only One Earth" by John McPhee, (75) "Manifesto: The Mad Farmer Liberation Front" by Wendell Berry, (76) "The Making of a Marginal Farm" by Wendell Berry, (77) "Preserving Wildness" by Wendell Berry, (78) "Fecundity" by Annie Dillard, (79) "The World’s Biggest Membrane" by Lewis Thomas, (80) "The Third Planet: Operating Instructions" by David R. Brower, (81) from Energy Strategy: The Road Not Taken? By Amory B. Lovins, (82) "A First American Views His Land" by N. Scott Momaday, (83) from Ceremony by Leslie Marmon Silko, (84) "A Short History of America" by R. Crumb, (85) "Outside the Solar Village: One Utopian Farm" by Wes Jackson, (86) from Love Canal: My Story by Lois Marie Gibbs, (87) from The Fate of the Earth by Jonathan Schell, (88) "Seasons of Want and Plenty" by William Cronon, (89) "Everything Is a Human Being" by Alice Walker, (90) "Bernhardsdorp" by E.O. Wilson, (91) "Wrath of Grapes Boycott Speech" by César Chávez, (92) "A Presentation of Whales" by Barry Lopez, (93) "Place" by W.S. Merwin, (94) from The End of Nature by Bill McKibben, (95) from Dumping in Dixie by Robert D. Bullard, (96) "The Summer Day" by Mary Oliver, (97) from Refuge: An Unnatural History of Family and Place by Terry Tempest Williams, (98) from The Ninemile Wolves by Rick Bass, (99) "The Dubious Rewards of Consumption" by Alan Durning, (100) "After the Flood" by Scott Russell Sanders, (101) from The Last Panda by George B. Schaller, (102) "The Flora and Fauna of Las Vegas" by Ellen Meloy, (103) "Dwellings" by Linda Hogan, (104) from The Ecology of Magic by David Abrams, (105) "The Song of the White Pelican" by Jack Turner, (106) "A Multicultural Approach to Ecopsychology" by Carl Anthony & Renée Soule, (107) "Speech at the Kyoto Climate Change Conference" by Al Gore, (108) from Heart and Blood: Living with Deer in America by Richard Nelson, (109) "Planet of Weeds" by David Quammen, (110) from Ecology of a Cracker Childhood by Janisse Ray, (111) from The Legacy of Luna by Julia Butterfly Hill, (112) from Inspirations for Sustaining Life on Earth by Calvin B. DeWitt, (113) "Greeting Friends in Their Andean Gardens Sandra Steingraber" from Having Faith by Calvin B. DeWitt, (114) "Knowing Our Place" by Barbara Kingsolver, (115) from The Omnivore’s Dilemma by Michael Pollan, (116) from Blessed Unrest by Paul Hawken, and (117) "The Thoreau Problem" by Rebecca Solmit.

––Morton, Timothy. Ecology without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007. To have a properly ecological view, we must relinquish, once and for all, the idea of nature. Morton provides a critique of the political and ethical meanings of "place" and "space" and argues for an environmentalism better suited politically to the realities of twenty-first century life. He champions a different vision of dwelling together on a vulnerable planet, with a focus on aesthetics.

––Nussbaum, Martha C. Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, and Species Membership. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. Nussbaum’s third new frontier in justice is the moral status of nonhuman animals.

––Pergams, Oliver R. W., and Patricia A. Zaradic. "Evidence for a Fundamental and Pervasive Shift away from Nature-based Recreation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), PNAS Early Edition (2008). Available online at: <www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0709893105>. After fifty years of steady increase in per capita visits to natural parks, such as US national parks, visits have declined since 1987, with a cumulative downturn of 18% to 25%. There are similar trends in Japan. The downturn is in camping, hunting, and fishing, although not in hiking and backpacking. Other studies show that interest in conserving nature and environmentally responsible behavior correlate highly with direct contact with the natural environment, so declining nature participation has crucial implications for current conservation efforts. The authors suggest that a major cause is "videophilia" (increased electronic media/internet use). Pergams is in biology at the University of Illinois; Zaradic is in the Environmental Leadership Program at Bryn Mawr College.

–Sandel, Michael. The Case against Perfection. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007. Sandel provides a critique of gene enhancement in humans.

––Sideris, Lisa H., and Kathleen Dean Moore, eds. Rachel Carson: Legacy and Challenge. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008. Contents include: , (17) "How to Value a Flower: Locating Beauty in Toxic Landscapes" by Vera Norwood,

The Ethics of Climate Change: Right and Wrong in a Warming World (Think Now) (Paperback) by James Garvey Continuum International Publishing Group (March 21, 2008)

Arnold Berleant BEYOND DISINTERESTEDNESS Brit J Aesthetics, 1994; 34: 242 - 254.

On the Origins of "Aesthetic Disinterestedness" Jerome Stolnitz The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism > Vol. 20, No. 2 (Winter, 1961), pp. 131-143

An Alternative to "Aesthetic Disinterestedness" Jerome Schiller The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism > Vol. 22, No. 3 (Spring, 1964), pp. 295-302

Some Questions about the Moral Responsibilities of Drug Companies in Developing Countries

An Unequal Activism for an Unequal Epidemic? Selemogo, Mpho Developing World Bioethics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 153-168, May 2005 This paper observes that a substantially large moral duty of dealing with the AIDS situation in Africa has been placed on the drug companies and argues that this approach is inequitable. Using the poverty-AIDS relationship and the human rights framework it argues for a more balanced AIDS activism, which puts equal pressure on all potential stakeholders in the war against AIDS. It argues that this redistribution of the HIV/AIDS moral burden is perhaps the only hope for curbing the African AIDS epidemic that continues to ravage communities on that continent.

Is Self-Identity Image Advertising Ethical? Bishop, John Douglas Business Ethics Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 371-398, April 2000 This paper argues that image ads are not false or misleading and that whether or not they advocate false values is a matter of subjective reflection. Image ads can undermine a consumer's self-esteem by collectively omitting images authentic for that sort of person (such as large women) and by combining impossible images with implied gaze. Image ads generally do not undermine autonomy of choice, internal autonomy, or social autonomy. It is concluded that image advertising is a basically ethical technique, but several recommendations are given on how use of image advertising can avoid specific harms. (edited)

Towards a New Paradigm in the Ethics of Women's Advertising Cohan, John Alan Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 323-337, October 2001 This paper identifies the ethical issues involved with women's advertising, and argues that ads can be successful in generating sales without portraying women as things or as mere sex objects, and without perpetuating various weakness stereotypes. A paradigm shift in advertising appears to be at hand. This new model replaces images of women as submissive or constantly in a need of alteration, with a move to reinstate beauty as a natural thing, not an unattainable ideal. (edited)

Children as consumers web site? http://www.globalissues.org/TradeRelated/Consumption/Children.asp

COMMENTARY ON CHILDREN AS CONSUMERS. Brenkert, George G Business and Professional Ethics Journal, vol. 3, pp. 147-154, Spring-Summer 1984

The Business Responsibility for Wealth Distribution in a Globalized Political-Economy Merging Moral Economics and Catholic Social Teaching Kohls, John; Christensen, Sandra L Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 223-234, February 2002 This paper asserts that businesses have a responsibility to consider the wealth distribution effects of their wealth-creating decisions. We use arguments from moral economics and Catholic social teaching to support this assertion, deriving decision principles that we apply to the Starbucks fair-trade coffee case. (edited)

Ethical Consumerism: The Case of Fairly-Traded Coffee Bird, Kate; Hughes, David R Business Ethics: A European Review, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 159-167, July 1997 Consumer concern for "ethical products," or ethical aspects of the goods which they purchase, is a subject of increasing interest and research, which is here illustrated by an examination of the Fair Trade movement, with special reference to coffee as an indicative commodity.(edited)

Fair Trade: The Scope of the Debate Anderson, Tim; Riedl, Elisabeth Australian Journal of Professional and Applied Ethics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 6-18, June 'Fair trade' refers to a bewildering array of quite different proposals. Even 'free trade' often identifies with arguments about fairness. This paper analyses the variants of 'fair trade', dividing the arguments into three broad categories: 'free trade' as fairness, fairness through linking labour rights to trade liberalisation, and fairness through proposals for value redistribution. Each of these broad categories contains important subvariants, which we introduce and explain. We conclude with comments about the legitimacy of the various arguments.

Ferrie, Jared; Hira, Anil Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 107-118, January 2006 This article addresses several major remaining challenges: (a) a lack of agreement about what fair trade really means and how it should be certified; (b) uneven awareness and availability across different areas, with marked differences between some parts of Europe and North America that reflect more fundamental debates about distribution; (c) larger questions about the extent of the potential contribution of fair trade to development under the current system, including limitations on the number and types of workers affected and the fair trade focus on commodity goods. (edited)

Fullerton, Sam; Kerch, Kathleen B; Dodge, H Robert Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 805-814, July 1996 ... predisposition of the American marketplace by calculating a consumer ethics index. The results indicate that the population is quite intolerant of perceived ethical abuses. The situations where consumers are ambivalent tend to be those where the seller ...

Prasad, Kiran; Hull, Sara Chandros Hastings Center Report, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 33-35, May-June 2001 This is a case study in the kinds of problems to expect from this increasingly popular marketing tactic.

Ethnic Marketing Ethics Pires, Guilherme D; Stanton, John Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 36, no. 1-2, pp. 111-118, March 2002 This paper reviews the concepts of ethnicity and ethnic groups and their relevance for marketing strategy within an economy where there is a dominant group and also significant minority ethnic groups. The ethical consequences for minority communities ...

The Relationship between Ethical Business Practices, Government Regulations, and Consumer Rights: An Examination in Saudi Arabia

Business and Professional Ethics Journal, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 47-64, Spring 2002

... government regulations and perceive higher status of consumer rights, when they perceive more ethical business practices. The results are mixed. Ethical practices related to product quality entice consumers to ask for more government regulations, ...

Hansen, Kirsten Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 67-76, 2004 In this paper I argue that consumer autonomy does not count in favor of the labeling of genetically modified foods (GM foods) more than for the labeling of non-GM foods. Further, reasonable considerations support the view that it is non-GM ...

Anne Marie Todd - The Aesthetic Turn in Green Marketing: Environmental Consumer Ethics of Natural Personal Care Products - Ethics & the Environment 9:2 Ethics & the Environment 9.2 (2004) 86-102 The Aesthetic Turn in Green Marketing Environmental Consumer Ethics of Natural Personal Care Products Anne Marie Todd Abstract Green consumerism is on the rise in America, but its environmental effects are contested. Does green marketing contribute to the greening of American consciousness, or does it encourage corporate greenwashing? This tenuous ethical position means that eco-marketers must carefully frame their environmental products in a way that appeals to consumers with environmental ethics and buyers who consider natural products as well as conventional items. Thus, eco-marketing constructs a complicated ethical identity for the green consumer. Environmentally aware individuals are already guided by their personal ethics. In trying to attract new consumers, environmentally minded businesses attach an aesthetic quality to environmental goods. In an era where environmentalism is increasingly hip, what are the implications for an environmental ethics infused with a sense of aesthetics? This article analyzes the promotional materials of three companies that advertise their environmental consciousness: Burt's Bee's Inc., Tom's of Maine, Inc., and The Body Shop Inc. Responding to an increasing online shopping market, these companies make their promotional ...

Allen Carlson, "Arnold Berleant's Environmental Aesthetics," Ethics, Place and Environment 10 (2007): 217-225.

"Aesthetics and Environment," British Journal of Aesthetics 46 (2006): 416-427. Same as above? I printed out.

Allen Carlson, "The Requirements for an Adequate Aesthetics of Nature, "Environmental Philosophy 4 (2007): 1-12.

Allen Carlson, “The Aesthetic Appreciation of Environmental Architecture under Different Conceptions of Environment”, Journal of Aesthetic Education. 40.4 (2006) 77-88.

Thomas Hill, “Finding Value in Nature” Environmental Values 15, 1 2006 pp. 331-342 good material on intrinsic value and appreciating for own sake.

Frank Sibley, “Tastes, Semells, and Aesthetics,” in John Benson, et at., Approaches to Aesthetics: collected Papers on Philosophicla Aesthetics (Oxford, 2001)

Ron Moore, "The Framing Paradox" that appeared first in ETHICS, PLACE, AND ENVIRONMENT 9:3 (Oct. 2006) 249-267

Barry Saddler and Allen Carlson, 1982 Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation

Katie McShane, anthropocentrism vs Nonanthropocentrims: Why Should we Care? Environmental Values 16,2 2007

Joseph DesJarkins, Business, Ethics, and the Environment: Imagining a Sustainable Future Prentice Hall 2007.

Brady, E. 2006. 'Aesthetics in Practice: Valuing the Natural World', Environmental Values, 15:3, 2006 277-291. (O’Neill says that she discusses conflicts between particular forms of aes value and other env. Values).

Dan Phillips, “Thoreau’s Aesthetics and the “Domain of the Superlative’ Environmental Values, 15:3, 2006

Susan Stewart, “Response to Brady Phillips and Rolston” Environmental Values, 15:3, 2006 argues that aes values might serve as foundational for preserving the planet

Ethics and Climate Change articles including response by Peter Singer Environmental Values, 15:3, 2006

Also Thomas Hill, “Finding Value in Nature,” Environmental Values, 15:3, 2006. Argues that proper valuing of natural environment is essential to human virtue called apprecation of the good; no need for meta of IV and not anthropocentric. Sounds like O’Neill’s view.

The future of env. Philosophy, including Bill Throop, Dale Jamieson and more, Ethics and Environment 12,2 Fall 2997.

Farming and the Fate of Wild Nature: Essays in conservation based agriculture, 2006 with Berry, kingslover, Pollan Bass, nabahm. Looks good

Moral outgrage, hypocrisy and the Spanish bullfight, Bathryn Bailey Ethics and The Environment 12, 1 spring 2007

Eric Katz’s review of William Jordan’s Sunflower Forest in Ethics and The Environment 12, 1 spring 2007

includes terraforming mars, "Do We Need a Planetary Ethic?" Carl Mitcham - Taking Exploration Ethics and Engineering Ethics into Space: An Aristotelian Perspective William Hartmann - The Beauty of the Solar System Eugene Hargrove - Valuing Extraterrestrial Life

Sandra and Lewis Hinchman, “What We Owe the Romantics,” Environmental Values 16,3 2007 pp. 333-354. Looks quite good and relevant to aes and env.

R.A. Sharpe, “The empiricist Theory of Artistic Value,” Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 58 (2000): 326-237

“The Ethics of Consumption,” No Dogs or Philosophers allowed, Instructional Video with David Crocker, Lisa Newton and Judith Lichtenberg.

Chalres Mann, 1491 The Atlantic Monthly March 2002 on how natives so populated and made the land that rainforest is a human artifact.

Stephen R. Kellert, Nature and Human Nature: Values and Perceptions of the Natural Environment Island Press.

Glenn mcGee, The Perfect Baby: Parenthood in the new world of cloning and geneticsI 2^nd ed

Jason Brennan, “Dominating Nature”, Environmental Values 16 (2007)” 513-528.

MARCIA MUELDER EATON (2008) Aesthetic Obligations Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 66 (1), 1–9.

Jerrold Levinson, "Hume’s ‘Standard of Taste’: The Real Problem" Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Summer 2002.

Allen Carlson, "The Requirements for an Adequate Aesthetics of Nature, "Environmental Philosophy 4 (2007): 1-12.

Allen Carlson, "Arnold Berleant's Environmental Aesthetics," Ethics, Place and Environment 10 (2007): 217-225.

Arthur Danto, “the Vietnam Veterans Memorial,” from The nation in Higgins ed., aesthetics in perspective.

Chellis Glendinning, “Notes toward a Neo-Luddite Manifesto,” in Robert C. Scharff and Val Dusek, Philosophy of Technology:

Langdom Winner, “Luddism as Epistemology,” in Robert C. Scharff and Val Dusek, Philosophy of Technology: The

by Peter Forbes (Editor), Ann Ambrecht Forbes (Editor), Helen Whybrow (Editor) great selection of articles; Callicott and Keller used.

Video: Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water | Media Adaptations In 1997, PBS, in association with KCET/Los Angeles, aired a four-part documentary called Cadillac Desert. The first three episodes of the series, ‘‘Mulholland’s Dream,’’ ‘‘An American Nile,’’ and ‘‘The Mercy of Nature,’’ were based on Reisner’s book, while the fourth episode (‘‘Last Oasis’’) was based on the book of the same name by Sandra Postel. The series, a production of Trans Pacific Television and KTEH/ San Jose Public Television, won a Silver Baton for the filmmakers (Reisner, Jon Else, and Sandra Itkoff) at the 1998 Alfred I

Frank Sibley, “Art or Aesthetics: which comes first?” Philosophy of the Arts 1992.

Frank Sibley, “Objectivity and Aesthetics,” Proceedings of the Aristotelean Society, Supplementary vol 42 1968.

Ruth Chang, “All things considered,” Philosophical Perspectives 18 Ethics, 2004 John suggested as way to integrate aes value with other values

Review of Peg Brand 200 IUP’s Beauty Matters by Robert Wilkinson open university. I have.

Encountering Nature: Toward an Environmental Culture, Thomas Heyd, University of Victoria 2007 Ashgate

Barry Lopez, ed., the Future of Nature (Writing on human ecology from Orion magazine

Clare Palmer’s “Rethinking Animal Ethics in appropriate context: How rolston’s Work can Help” for help on aesthetics of predation. In Preston/Ouderkirk, Nature Value Duty 183-201 2006 Springer

Marcia Eaton, “Dangerous Beauties,” Philosophic Exchange,1999-2000, pp. 34-51.

Marcia Eaton, “Aesthetic Assessments of Multi-Functional Landscapes,” Conference on Multi-Functional Landscapes, Proceedings, Roskilde, Denmark,2002.

David W. Orr The LAST REFUGE: Patriotism, Politics, and the Environment in an Age of Terror

Preston, Christopher J. and Ouderkirk, Wayne (Eds.), Nature, Value, Duty: Life on Earth with Holmes Rolston, III (Springer, 2007) Series: The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics , Vol. 8

John Fisher’s Reflecting on Art, chapter 5 “The Challenge of the Avant-Garde”, p. 119 and following.

Jerrold Levinson (ed.), The Oxford Handbook to Aesthetics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), includes: 45. Aesthetics of the Avant-Garde , Gregg Horowitz

TI: Avant-Garde Art and the Problem of Theory AU: Carroll,-Noel SO: Journal-of-Aesthetic-Education. Fall 95; 29(3): 1-13

James O. Young ARTWORKS AND ARTWORLDS Brit J Aesthetics, 1995; 35: 330 - 337. ......disagreement between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. We should, again, relativize arthood to an artworld. Relative to the dada or avant-garde artworld, Fountain is an artwork. Relative to the conservative artworld, it is a non-artwork. There is no absurdity......

S. J. Wilsmore AUTHENTICITY AND RESTORATION Brit J Aesthetics, 1986; 26: 228 - 238.

Mark Sagoff, “On Restoring and Reproducing Art,” The Journal of Philosophy LXXV: 9, September 1978, pp. 453-470.

H. Hein the Museum in Transition: A Philosophical Perspective Smithsonian Institute Press, 2000

Lars Aagaard-Mogensen, The idea of Museum: Philosophical, Artistic and Political Questions, Edwin Mellen Press, 1988.

Albert Levi, “The Art Museum as a Agency of Culture,” Journal of Aesthetic Education 19:2 , 1985, 23-40.

Philosophy of Wolf Policies I: General Principles and Preliminary Exploration of Selected Norms Arne Naess, Ivar Mysterud Conservation Biology, Vol. 1, No. 1 (May, 1987), pp. 22-34

Arne Naess, Self-Realization in Mixed Communities of Humans, Bears, Sheep, and Wolves The Trumpter, Vol 22, No 1 (2006) Special Issue

Colorization of movies/photographs (see defense by James O. Young British Journal of Aesthetics 28 (1988) 368-72 and Yuriko Saito”Contemporary Aesthetic Issue: The Colorization Controversy” Journal of Aesthetics Education 23:2 1989 21-31

Philosophy & Public Policy Quarterly Volume 27, Number 3/4, Summer/Fall 2007; Environmentalism: Death and Resurrection Mark Sagoff;

The Gospel According to Conservation Biology, by Robert H. Nelson Abstract: the field of con bio presents itself as a science but its policy prescriptions reflect a powerful set of values. On closer examination, these values turn out to be religious and specifically to be derived from Christian sources. Conservation biologists need to pay more attention to this theological side of their discipline. Philosophy & Public Policy Quarterly Volume 27, Number 3/4, Summer/Fall 2007; http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/quarterly.html

LARRY SHINER, YULIA KRISKOVETS (2007) The Aesthetics of Smelly Art Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 65 (3), 273–286.

Rafael DeClercq, "The Concept of am Aesthetic Property," (JAAC, spring 2002) where he argues that value is an essential part of aesthetic properties

Always the Mountains By David Rothenberg Now Available in Paperback $18.95 | ISBN 978-0-8203-2953-6 U of Georgia Press

Everyday Aesthetics, Yuriko Saito Price: Oxford U. Press, £30.00 (Hardback) ISBN-10: 0-19-927835-0 ISBN-13: 978-0-19-927835-0 Estimated publication date: November 2007

Some Political Problems for Rewilding Nature, John Hintz Ethics, Place & Environment, Volume 10, Issue 2 June 2007 , pages 177 - 216 Recent studies in conservation biology have provided the wilderness preservation movement with a spark. Wilderness, we are told, can no longer be seen as a scenic playground for weary humans - it is, rather, an ecological necessity for the conservation of biodiversity. This paper traces the science and political ideologies that inspire and inform this reinvigorated cadre of environmentalists. Through empirical investigations of one prominent conservation group and one conservation campaign, the author finds that this environmentalism offers simplistic and purportedly self-evident solutions to the complex problems of biodiversity and wilderness conservation.

Engaging Berleant: A Critical Look at Aesthetics and Environment: Variations on a Theme

Renee Conroy Ethics, Place & Environment, Volume 10, Issue 2 June 2007 , pages 217 - 244

Joshua Gert, Neo-Sentimentalism and Disgust The Journal of Value Inquiry Volume 39, Numbers 3-4 / December, 2005 Pages 345-352

Christopher Knapp, "Demoralizing Disgust," Philosophical and Phenomenological Research, March, 2003.

Baylor Johnson, “Ethical Obligation sin Tragedy of the Commons,” Env Values 23,3, August 2003 and paper he gave at ISEE 07 http://www.environmentalphilosophy.org/ISEEIAEPpapers/2007/Johnson.pdf

Gerald Gaus, Value and Justification: The foundations of Liberal Theory 1990 Cambridge

The Nature of Value and the Value of Nature: A Philosophical Overview Ben Rogers International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 76, No. 2, Special Biodiversity Issue (Apr., 2000), pp. 315-323 (our library on line)

Glenn Parsons, “Theory, Observation, and the Role of Scientific Understanding in the Aesthetic Appreciation of Nature,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 36 (2006) 165-186

Glenn Parsons, “The Aesthetics of Nature,” Philosophy Compass 2 (2007) Published article online: 23 Mar 2007 The aesthetics of nature is a growing sub-field of contemporary aesthetics. In this article, I outline the view called ‘Scientific cognitivism’, which has been central in recent discussions of nature aesthetics. In assessing two important arguments for this view, I outline some recent thinking about key issues for the aesthetics of nature, including the relationship between nature and art and the relevance of ethical considerations to the aesthetic appreciation of nature.

Vitor Stenger, God, The Failed Hypothesis: How Science Shows that God Does Not Exist Prometheus, 2007

Rachels, James, 1978. “What People Deserve,” in John Arthur and William H. Shaw, eds., Justice and Economic Distribution, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall), pp. 150-163.

Korsmeyer, Carolyn, 2005. “Terrible Beauties, ” in Matthew Kieran, ed., Contemporary Debates in Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art (Malden, MA: Blackwell), pp. 51-64.

Walton, Kendall (2002), “Morals in Fiction and Fictional Morality,” in Alex Neill and Aaron ridley, Arguing About Art, 2^nd ed. (New York: Routledge).

Saito, Yuriko “Everyday Aesthetics,” Philosophy and Literature - Volume 25, Number 1, April 2001, pp. 87-95 I have

Saito, Yuriko “The Role of Aesthetics in Civic Environmentalism,” in The Aesthetics of Human Environments. Co-edited Berleant and Allen Carlson. (Peterborough, Ont: Broadview,2007 ).

Biodiversity and Environmental Philosophy: An Introduction (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Biology) (Hardcover) by Sahotra Sarkar Cambridge 2005 In Library

Sinnott-Armstrong, “It’s Not My Fault: Global Warming and Individual Moral Obligation” in Perspectives on Climate Change: Science, Economics, Politics, Ethics, ed. Walter Sinnott-Armstrong and Richard Howarth (Elsevier, 2005)

May, R., J. Lawton, and N. Stork (1995) “Assessing Extinction Rates,” in /Extinction Rates/ (eds.) J. Lawton and R. May, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

2.Rosenzweig, M. (2003) “Reconciliation Ecology and the Future of Species Diversity,” /Oryx /37:194-205.

Petra Andersson Humanity and Nature: Towards a Consistent Holistic Environmental Ethics 2007 (I have. She sent me. Looks interesting. Possibly good on relation human and nature and degrees of natural.

Michael Pollan, NY Times around May 16, 2006 “Walmart goes organic; now the bad news”

George Sessions, “Wildness, Cyborgs, and Our Ecological Future: Reassessing the Deep Ecology Movement” the Trumpeter Volume 22, Number 2 (2006) I have on computer. Makes reference to my and Bill Throop’s paper

by Stephanie Ross VOLUME 4 (2006) Contemporary Aesthetics: http://www.contempaesthetics.org/newvolume/pages/article.php?articleID=400 To explore our appreciation of gardens and urban nature, I propose a recursive definition of original or wild nature together with guidelines for discerning degrees of naturalness. Arguing (contra Robert Elliott) that nature can be restored as well as degraded, I characterize four varieties of urban nature – interrupted, altered, constructed, and virtual. I build on Stan Godlovitch's comments about scale to suggest two modes of appreciation – macroscopic and fine-focused. I close by discussing some particular examples – parks, environmental art, gardens – and drawing some conclusions for the appreciation of vernacular gardens

by Pauline von Bonsdorff http://www.contempaesthetics.org/newvolume/pages/article.php?articleID=325

ABSTRACT Agriculture has received relatively little attention in environmental aesthetics, given its importance culturally for the physical sustenance of societies and from an eco-system perspective. In this article I take some steps towards developing a life-world approach to the agricultural landscape, where the intimate and long-term relationship between farmer and land is understood as having the potential for being a norm rather than the opposite of an aesthetic appreciation of landscape. This requires a narrative understanding of landscape, where culture and nature are seen as plural and relative to each other. I claim that the aesthetic competence of the farmer is inseparable from personal interest, which makes appreciation more acute and vivid both in perceiving nuances and in realising the existential drama of landscape. Finally I suggest that practicing agriculture is a genuine way of knowing nature and that some familiarity with agriculture should be included in all environmental education. Contemporary Aesthetics: Volume 3 2005,

Aaron Smuts Are Video Games Art? Contemporary Aesthetics: Volume 3 2005, http://www.contempaesthetics.org/newvolume/pages/article.php?articleID=299

In this paper I argue that by any major definition of art many modern video gamesshould be considered art. Rather than defining art and defending video games based on a single contentious definition, I offer reasons for thinking that video games can be art according to historical, aesthetic, institutional, representational and expressive theories of art. Overall, I argue that while many video games probably should not be considered art, there are good reasons to think that some video games should be classified as art, and that the debates concerning the artistic status of chess and sports offer some insights into the status of video games.

Tiffany Sutton Immersive Contemplation in Video Art Environments also in Contemporary Aesthetics: Volume 3 2005,

Yuriko Saito Machines in the Ocean: The Aesthetics of Wind Farms Contemporary Aesthetics: Volume 2 2004,

Arnold Berleant and Ronald Hepburn An Exchange on Disinterestedness Contemporary Aesthetics Vol 1 2003 http://www.contempaesthetics.org/newvolume/pages/article.php?articleID=209

Glenn Parsons review of Budd’s The Aesthetic Appreciation of nature, Mind vol 113 (2004), 741-744.

Glenn Parsons Moderate Formalism as a Theory of the Aesthetic”, Journal of Aes Education 38 2004 1-17.

Glenn Parsons, “Natural functions and the Aesthetic Appreciation of Inorganic Nature,” British Journal of Aesthetics 44 (2004) 44-56.

1.30-3.3 Nick Zangwill (University of Durham) "Clouds of Illusion in the Aesthetics of Nature" Respondent: Amelie Rorty (Harvard University) On Friday March 9, 2007 the Department of Philosophy at Boston University (a)will host the annual Karbank Symposium in Environmental Philosophy.

Jerrold Levinson (ed.), The Oxford Handbook to Aesthetics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), includes:

38. Part Four: Further Directions in Aesthetics Feminist Aesthetics , Mary Devereaux

Anthony Savile, The Test of Time (oxford 1982), ch 8 on how aes of nature should be like aes app of art.

Karen Green, “Two Distinctions in Env. Goodness,” Env Values 51 31-46 1996.

Simon Hailwood, 1999, “Towards a Liberal Environment” Journal of Applied Philosophy 16: 271-81: has a section arguing that nature’s otherness has value. Nature as other

Bruze Foltz’s view “On Heidegger and the Interpretation of Env. Crisis” Env ethics 6, 1984, p. 30

J. Baird Callicott "The Land Aesthetic," in Armstrong and Botzler, Environmental Ethics: 148-157; and in Christopher Key Chapple, Ecological Prospects: 169-183.

J. Baird Callicott “Wetland Gloom, Wetland Glory,” Philosophy and Geography 6 (2003): 33-45.

Sepanmaa argues for need for such applied env. Aes in Beauty of Env and in “Applied Aesthetics” in Art and Beyond: finish Approaches to Aes eds Ossi Naukkarinen 1955, pp. 226-248.

Paul Gobster, “An Ecological Aesthetics for Forest Landscape Management” Landscape Journal Volume 18, 1, spring 1999 page 54 Although aesthetics and ecological sustainability are two highly regared values of forest landscapes, practices developed to manage forests for these values can sometimes conflict with one another. In this paper I argue that such conflicts are rooted in our conception of forest aesthetics as scenery, and propose that a normative, `ecological aesthetic` based on the writings of Aldo Leopold and others could help resove conflicts between aesthetic and sustainability values. I then offer suggestions on how we might advance an ecological aesthetic in policy and planning programs, on-the-ground management, and research and theory developement in landscape aesthetics. I have and available at http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:eNk1u3ykIAoJ:ncrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/1999/nc_1999_Gobster_001.pdf+callicott+aesthetic&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=8

Callicott, "Wetlands: Gloom or Glory" -- paper for the Conference on Environmental Aesthetics, Utah State University, Logan Utah, September 27, 2002.

Four papers focused on issues in environmental aesthetics: Yrjö Sepänmaa’s “How to Speak of Mount Koli? The Exemplary Position of Koli in Environmental Research,” Glenn Parsons’s “Knowledge, Perception and the Aesthetic Appreciation of Nature” and Ira Newman’s “The Dream of an Autonomous Natural Aesthetic: Leopold and Callicott on the Land Aesthetic.”

Russow, Lilly-Marlene. (1981). "Why Do Species Matter?" Environmental Ethics (3), 101-12.

Stan Godlovitch, SOME THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETIC. S GODLOVITCH The Journal of aesthetic education 32:44, 17-26, University of Illinois Press, 1998.

Arthur Danto, “The Artistic Enfranchisement of Real Objects, the Artworld,” Journal of Philosophy 61 (1964): 571-584

Nelson Potter, “Aesthetic value in Nature and in the Arts,” in Hugh Curtler, ed., What is Art? 1983

Ralph Winn, “The Beauty of Nature and Art,” Journal of aesthetics and Art Criticism 2 1942, 3-13.

J.M. Moravcsik, “Beauty in Art and in Nature,” Philosophical Studies, vol 38 (1980).

Allen Carlson, “Budd and Brady on the Aesthetics of Nature," Philosophical Quarterly 55 (2005): 107-114.

Brady, E. 2006.'The Aesthetics of Agricultural Landscapes and the Relationship between Humans and Nature', Ethics, Place and Environment, 9:1, 1-19.

Brady, E., Holland, A. and Rawles, K. 2004.'Walking the Talk: Philosophy of Conservation on the Isle of Rum,' Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion, 8:2, 280-297.

Brady, E. and Brook, I. 2003. 'Topiary: Ethics and Aesthetics,' Ethics and the Environment, 8:1, 127-42.

See John O’Neill, “Beauty and the Bees,” Environmental Values 16/4 (November 2007), 413-415 on some problems for equating natural beauty and wildness/ruralness and conflict with other env. Values.

Gordan Graham, Philosophy of the Arts, (Rutledge) various editions, has section on Aesthetics of nature and objectivity/subjectivity.

Lamarque and Olsen, eds., Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art: The Analytic Tradition (Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies) looks like good for class?

John Bener, “Supervenience and the Justifiaction of Aesthetic Judgments” JAAC 46:1, 1987 31-40.

Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory: The Development of the Aesthetics of the Infinite

by Marjorie Hope Nicolson, Marjorie H. Nicholson, * Paperback - REPRINT * ISBN: 0295975776

Nick Zangwill says he is working on The aesthetics of inorganic nature (more reasons to be formalist).

Nick Zangwill, Formal Natural Beauty (defense of formalism in reply to Carlson and Budd) “Formal Natural Beauty”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 2001. I have.

Nick Zangwill, “Rocks and Sunsets: A Defense of Ignorant Pleasures,” Revista di Estetica, n.s., 29 (2/2005), XLV, pp. 53-59.

Nick Zangwill,“In Defense of Extreme Formalism about Inorganic Nature: Reply to Parsons”, British Journal of Aesthetics, 2005, pp. 185-191.

Allen Carlson: What is the Correct Curriculum for Landscape? In Andrew Light and Jonathan M. Smith: Introduction: Everyday Aesthetics and the Aesthetics of the Everyday (Columbia, 2005)

Alan Goldman, “the Experiential Account of Aesthetic Value” in JAAC 64,3 (Summer 2006): 333-342.

Willard. D. “On preserving nature’s aesthetic features” Environmental Ethics, 1980, Vol 2 (4), pp. 293-310.

Thomas Kapper, “Bringing Beauty to Account in the Environmental Impact Statement: The Contingent Valuation of Landscape Aesthetics” Environmental Practice (2004), 6: 296-305 Cambridge University Press Landscape aesthetic values can easily be overlooked or undervalued in the environmental impact statement (EIS) process. Public sector projects may underestimate the aesthetic damage they cause, which, if fully considered, could alter the types of projects undertaken or the form those projects take. This article seeks to more persuasively represent the aesthetic damage wrought by a public project by attaching to it a dollar figure. Cost-benefit analysis is often incorporated into the EIS, but for cost-benefit analysis to be valid, all costs and benefits must be fairly represented. To exclude aesthetic value from the analysis on the basis that beauty is intangible or priceless is to assign it a de facto value of zero in cost-benefit calculations. The monetizing of aesthetics is approached by integrating the methods of economic contingent valuation with landscape aesthetic assessment. Economic values and aesthetic values can be reconciled; a demonstration of the integration of methods is provided.

Glenn Parsons, “Nature Appreciation, Science and Positive Aesthetics” British Journal of Aesthetics 42,3, July 2002.

Patricia Matthews, Aesthetic Appreciation of Art and Nature, British Journal of Aesthetics 41,4 October 2001

David Richardson, “Nature-Appreciation Conventions and the Art World,” British Journal of Aesthetics 16 1976, pp. 186-191.

Donald Crawford, Comparing Natural and artistic beauty in Salim Kermal and Ivan Gaskell, Landscape, Natural Beauty and the Arts (Cambridge, 1993). On how two are differeint and art thought to be superior in some ways

Robert L. Thayer, Jr., Gray World, Green Heart: Technology, Nature, and the Sustainable Landscape (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994),

Aesthetics, Community Character, and the Law, Christopher Duerksen, Matthew Goebel

American Planning Association Publication, 1999 (Saito says helps with the thick env. Values)

John Fisher, Env. Aesthetics in in Jerrold Levinson (ed.), The Oxford Handbook to Aesthetics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 667

“Aesthetic Value: Beauty, Ugliness and Incoherence”, Philosophy, Vol. 72, No. 2, July 1997, pp. 383-399.

“In Defence of the Ethical Evaluation of Narrative Art”, British Journal of Aesthetics, Jan. 2001, pp. 26-38.

“A Divine Intimation: Appreciating Natural Beauty”, Journal of Value Inquiry, vol. 31, No. 1, 1997, March, pp. 77-95.

“The Value of Art” in Berys Gaut and Dominic McIver Lopes (eds.) Routledge Companion to Aesthetics (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 215-225 (new edition in press) we have in library

# “Forbidden Knowledge: The Challenge of Cognitive Immoralism” in S. Gardner and J. Bermudez (eds.), Art and Morality (London: Routledge, 2002) (I have)

Matthew Kieran, Art, Morality and Ethics: On the (im)Moral Character of Art Works and Inter-Relations to Artistic Value” Philosophy Compass ½ 2006 129-143 (I have)

Matthew Kieran, “Art and Morality” in Jerrold Levinson (ed.), The Oxford Handbook to Aesthetics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 451-470.

T.J. Diffey, “Experiencing Nature and Experiencing Art,” in Art and Experience, ed. Ananta Sukla (Praeger, 2003)

The Aesthetics of Human Environments. Co-edited Berleant and Allen Carlson. (Peterborough, Ont: Broadview,2007 ).

The Aesthetics of Human Environments. Co-edited Berleant and Allen Carlson. (Peterborough, Ont: Broadview,2007 ) , includes Pauline von Bonsdorff, "Urban Richness and the Art of Building, Arnold Berleant, Cultivating an Urban Aesthetics, Yrjo Sepanmaa "Multi-sensoriness and the City", David Maccauley "Waling the city" , Kevin Melchionne, "living in Glass houses: Domesticity, Interior Decoration, and Environmental Aesthetics" Sally Schauman, "The Garden and the Red Barn: The Pervasive Pastoral and its environmental consequences, Stephanie Ross, "Gardens, nature, Pleasure,

The Aesthetics of Human... 13 On Aesthetically Appreci... 47 Urban Richness and the ...

66 Cultivating an Urban Aes... 79 Walking the City 100 The Aesthetics of the Sh... 119 Deconstructing Disney ... 139 Neat Messy Clean 163 Domesticity Interior Dec... 175 The Aesthetics of Playti... 190 The Role of Aesthetics in... 203 The Pervasive Pastoral and 219 On Appreciating Agricul... 234 Gardens Nature Pleasure 252 The View from the Road... 272

Check the bib in Fisher’s env. aesthetics intro book proposal for more articles.

Brady, E., “Don’t Eat the Daisies: Disinterestedness and the Situated Aesthetic,” Environmental Values, 7:1, February 1998, 97-114.

Godlovitch, “Things Change: So Whither Sustainability?” Environmental Ethics 20 (fall 1998).

Jason Hanna (University of Colorado at Boulder), “Wonder, Science, and the Aesthetic Appreciation of Nature” ask John Fisher jason.hanna@colorado.edu

Beauty to Duty: From Aesthetics to Environmentalism, (with Allen Carlson) forthcoming, Columbia University Press.

Articles by and "Adjudicating the Debate Over Two Models of Nature Appreciation," Journal of Aesthetic Education, 2004; 38 (3), 52-72.

Sheila Lintott "Toward Eco-Friendly Aesthetics," Environmental Ethics 28,1 (Spring 2006): 57-76.

Cynthia Freeland, Art and Moral Knowledge Philosophical Topics 25, 1 Spring 1997 11-36

Dan Jacobson 1996, “Sir Philip Sidney’s Dilemma: On the Ethical Function of Narrative, Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 54: 327-36.

Haig Khatchadourian, 1982 “Natural Beauty and the Art of Living,” Journal of Aesthetic Education 16 1, 95-98.

Dickie, George, "Reply to Noël Carroll", Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 55: 3

The Aesthetics of Agricultural Landscapes and the Relationship between Humans and Nature

The continuum between nature and artefact is occupied by objects and environments that embody a relationship between natural processes and human activity. In this paper, I explore the relationship that emerges through human interaction with the land in the generation and aesthetic appreciation of industrial farming in contrast to more traditional agricultural practices. I consider the concept of a dialectical relationship and develop it in order to characterise the distinctive synthesising activity of humans and nature which underlies cultivated environments. I argue that a more harmonious relationship, and greater aesthetic value, may be located within traditional farming landscapes. This position is supported and illustrated through a discussion of two agricultural practices in the UK, hedge-laying and stonewalling.

Marianne O’Brien, “the Aesthetic Significance of Nature’s Otherness,” Environmental Values 15, 1 Feb 2006: pp. 99-11

Jonathan Maskit, Towards A Post-Industrial Environmental Aesthetics” Lecture at Denison spring 2006.

Marcia Eaton, in Merit, Aesthetic and Ethical had chapter on “Aesthetics and Ethics in the Environment”

Eaton, Marcia, (1992). “Integrating the Aesthetic and the Moral, ” Philosophical Studies 67: 3, pp. 219-240. John says probably discuss mushroom clouds I have.

Beardsley “The Aesthetic Point of View” Beardsley, M.: "The aesthetic point of view," reprinted in The Aesthetic Point of View: Selected Essays, ed. Michael J. Wreen and Donald M. Callen (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982), pp. 15-34.

Patricia Matthews “Scientific Knowledge and the Aes App of Nature,” Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 60 (2002) 37-48. I have.

Patricia Matthews, Aesthetic Appreciation of Art and Nature, British Journal of Aesthetics 41,4 October 2001

Don Crawford on above: “Parsons on the Objectivity of the Aesthetic Appreciation of Nature”

Stan Godlovitch, “Aesthetic Protectionism,” Journal of Applied Philosophy 6,2 1989 pp. 171-181 I have.

Environmental experience: Beyond Aesthetic Subjectivism and objectivism, Veikko Rantalla, Thinkmount working paper serioes on Philosophy of conservation (I have)

Robert Stecker, “The Correct and the Appropriate in the Appreciation of Nature, The British Journal of Aesthetics 37: 1997: 393-403.

David Ferer (sp?), ‘Aes App in the artworld and natural world” Env. Values 12 3-28, 2003.

Marcia Eation, “Morality and Aesthetics: Contemporary Aesthetics and Ethics,” in Encyclopedia of aesthetics / editor in chief, Michael Kelly. New York : Oxford University Press, 1998. Need to read

YiFuTan, Topophilia: A study of Env. Perception, Attitudes and Value Prentice Hall 1974.

Hepburn, Ronald 1984 Wonder and other Essays, includes Nature in the Light of Art, p. 47 where he says some parts of nature may be “irremediably inexpressive, unredeemably characterless, and aesthetically null”.

S. Godlovitch, "Evaluating Nature Aesthetically" Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 56 (1998). I have Against positive aes: Just s there are rotten violinists, so there must be pathetic creeks; just as there is pulp fiction, so there must be junk species; just as there are forgettable means, so there must be inconsequential forests.”

Cheryl Foster, "Aesthetic Disillusionment: Environment, Ethics, Art" Env. Values 1,3 1992. (I have)

“Art, Morality and Ethics: On the (Im)Moral Character of Art Works and Inter-Relations to Artistic Value” By Matthew Kieran, University of Leeds (February 2006) Philosophy Compass

Knowing Art: Essays in Aesthetics and Epistemology, ed. By Matthew Kieran and others (Springer, 2007) Editors’ Acknowledgments.- Notes on Contributors.- Introduction; M. Kieran and D. McIver Lopes.- Part I Knowing Through Art.- 1 Knowing Content in the Visual Arts; K. Lehrer.- 2 Pictures, Knowledge, and Power: The Case of T. J. Clark; D. Matravers.- 3 Narrating the Truth (More or Less); S. Friend.- 4 Fiction and Psychological Insight; K. Stock.- 5 Art and Modal Knowledge; D. Stokes.- 6 Charley’s World: Narratives of Aesthetic Experience; P. Goldie.- Part II Knowing about Art.- 7 Really Bad Taste; J. Prinz.- 8 Solving the Puzzle of Aesthetic Testimony; A. Meskin.- 9 Critical Compatibilism; J. Shelley.- 10 Critical Reasoning and Critical Perception; R. Hopkins. References.

Contemporary Debates in Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art Edited by: Matthew Kieran (Blackwell, 2005)

A Conceptual Map of Issues in Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art: Matthew Kieran

1. Aesthetic Empiricism and the Challenge of Fakes and Ready-mades : Gordon Graham

9. The Speaking Image: Visual Communication and the Nature of Depiction: Robert Hopkins

15. Genuine Rational Fictional Emotions: Tamar Szabó Gendler and Karson Kovakovich

Letter to a Christian Nation, Sam Harris # 112 pages # Publisher: Knopf (September 19, 2006)

Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion, which has been riding high on the New York Times and Amazon best seller lists.

1. Sam Harris published The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the End of Reason, which focused public attention on the dangers of religious extremism and sold a quarter-million copies. Now he is back with Letter to a Christian Nation, a polemical blast at religion as the source of most of humankind's misery.

Daniel Dennett, the dean of the new wave of nontheists and director of Tufts University's Cognitive Studies Center, whose Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon

Green to the Gills, By PAUL GREENBERG On turning the oceans into a domesticated sphere of food animals. Published: June 18, 2006, NY Times Magazine

David Crocker, Ethics of Global Development: Agency, Capability and Deliberative Democracy: Intro to his forthcoming book. In Philosophy and Public Policy Quarterly, 26, ½ Winter Spring 2006).

Wal-Mart Eyes Organic Foods The New York Times By MELANIE WARNER summer 2006 http://cornucopia.org/index.php/123

Alexander Rosenberg, Philosophy of Social Science Westview Press July 2997: eclipse of behaviorisim in psychology, problems of functionalism in social science appeal to biology and Darwinian thinking, nativists versus standard social sci model (nurture over nature), feminism in human sciences

Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism; Fall2004, Vol. 62 Issue 4, p319-329, 11p I’ve scanned this article

Edited by Nina Witoszek and Andrew Brennan 1999 includes esssay by Guha: Rad Am Env revisited; A.J. Ayer on NaessFeyerabend on Naess, French’s against biospherical egalitarianism and naess response and Callicott on Naess versus French, Warrwick Fox’s article and Naess and his interchange, Peter Reed, Plumwood, sale’s article, letter to Foreman, Norton on Naess on Wolf policies

The Idea of a Political Liberalism: Essays on Rawls Edited by Victoria Davion and Clark Wolf 2000 0-8476-8793-7 I have good articles by important philosophers.

Includes moral philo as a subersive activity, active and passive euthanasia, killing, letting die and vlaue of life, god and moral autonomy, why privacy is important, reflections on idea of equality, what people deserve, coping with prejeice, morality, parents and children, when Philosophers hsould shoot from the hitp

Same Sex: Debating the Ethics, Science, and Culture of Homosexuality Edited by John Corvino 1997 I have Cladia Card, Against Marriage, Pentagon’s Ban, Don’t ask don’t tell, Mohr: The case for outing; how domestic partnerships and gam marriage threaten the family

Ethical Dimensions of Global Development (I have), good chapters on retribution and reconciliation, complicity in mass violence, female genital mutilation, child labor, Daly on Globalization. Edited by Verna V. Gehring I have Introduction by William Galston 2006 Book looks quite good.

Putting Humans First: Why We Are Nature's Favorite I have By Tibor R. Machan 2004

Environmental Ethics for a Postcolonial World By Deane Curtin 2005 0-7425-2578-3 I have Looks somewhat interesting, nice style of writing. About colonolization and ee; chapter on population, Ghandi and community development, Aldo Leopold’s vision..., clean clothers/clean conscience

Edited by Betsy Hartmann, Banu Subramaniam, and Charles Zerner 2005 0-7425-4906-2

5 Andrew Light and Jonathan Smith, Philosophy and Geography I: Space, Place and Environmental Ethics, (I Have) December 1996 Rowman and Littlefield, with Zev Trachtenberg’s “The Takings Clause and the Meaning of Land,” Paden on “wilderness management,” King on Biocentrism not an alternative to anthro. Philosophy and Geography I: Space, Place, and Environmental Ethics Edited by Andrew Light and Jonathan M. Smith 1996 0-8476-8221-8 I have includes Katz “nature’s presence: Reflections on Healing and Domination, King “Critical Refelctions on Biocentric ee: is it an alternative to anthro?

Why the Congestion Crisis Matters More Than You Think, and What We Can Do About It

So Glorious a Landscape: Nature and the Environment in American History and Culture By Chris J. Magoc I have, includes Ron Arnold on Wise Use, Brower on Dionsaur National Monumnet, jeffers on passenger pigeons

Includes Rights in Extremis: * Is Terrorism Ever Morally Permissible? An Inquiry into the Right to Life Stephen Nathanson

Includes Walking in the Urban Environment: Pedestrian Practices and Peripatetic Politics

Edited by Christof Mauch, Nathan Stoltzfus, and Douglas R. Weiner 2006 0-7425-4647-0

Class, Crisis, and the Deployment of Nature in Central Park, Yosemite, and Yellowstone

What Is a Healthy Forest?: Definitions, Rationales, and the Lifeworld p. 99 William A. Warren, Society & Natural Resources An International Journal, Volume 20 Issue 2 2007

The Role of Ethical Judgments Related to Wildlife Fertility Control T. Bruce Lauber; Barbara A. Knuth; James A. Tantillo; Paul D. Curtis, Society & Natural Resources An International Journal, Volume 20 Issue 2 2007

An Owner's Manual to "Ownership": A Reply to Lachapelle and McCool 187-192 Authors: Robert Manning; Clare Ginger Society & Natural Resources An International Journal, Volume 20 Issue 2 2007

Claiming Ownership: A Response to Manning and Ginger 193 - 197 Authors: Paul R. Lachapelle; Stephen F. McCool Society & Natural Resources An International Journal, Volume 20 Issue 2 2007

by John O'neill Author(s) - Alan Holland, Andrew Light, John O'Neill Series: Routledge Introductions to Environment List Price: $135.00 ISBN: 9780415145084 ISBN-10: 0415145082

Publisher: Routledge Publication Date: 07/12/2007 Pages: 224 We live in a world confronted by mounting environmental problems. We read of increasing global deforestation and desertification, loss of species diversity, pollution and global warming. In everyday life people mourn the loss of valued landscapes and urban spaces. Underlying these problems are conflicting priorities and values. Yet dominant approaches to policy making seem ill-equipped to capture the various ways in which the environment matters to us. Environmental Values introduces readers to these issues by presenting, and then challenging, two dominant approaches to environmental decision-making, one from environmental economics, the other from environmental philosophy. The authors present a sustained case for questioning the underlying ethical theories of both of these traditions. They defend a pluralistic alternative rooted in the rich everyday relations of humans to the environments they inhabit, providing a path for integrating human needs with environmental protection through an understanding of the narrative and history of particular places. The book examines the implications of this approach for policy issues such as biodiversity conservation and sustainability.

The book is written in a clear and accessible style for an interdisciplinary audience. It will be ideal for student use in environmental courses in geography, economics, philosophy, politics and sociology. It will also be of wider interest to policy makers and the concerned general reader.

Environment and Philosophy Author(s) - Vernon Pratt with Emily Brady Jane Howarth,

Series: Routledge Introductions to Environment List Price: $33.95 ISBN: 9780415145114

ISBN-10: 0415145112 Publisher: RoutledgePublication Date: 10/28/1999 Environment and Philosophy provides an accessible introduction to the radical challenges that environmentalism poses to concepts that have become almost second nature in the modern world, including

Written in an accessible way for those without a background in philosophy, this text examines ways of thinking about ourselves, nature and our relationship with nature. It offers an introduction to the phenomenological perspective on environmental issues, and also to the questions of what natural beauty is for the threat to it to play a role in practical decision-making.

John Nolt, “The Move from Good to Ought in Env. Ethics<“ Env. Ethics 28,4 Winter 2006.

'Symposium: Ecosocialist-Ecofeminist Dialogues', Capitalism Nature Socialism, 2006, Vol. 17, No. 4, 32-124.

The Earthscan Reader in Environmental Values, Edited by Linda Kalof and Terre Satterfield June 2005 Contents: Introduction • Economic Themes in Environmental Values • Philosophical and Ethical Themes in Environmental Values • Anthropological and Sociological Themes in Environmental Values • Judgement and Decision Making Themes in Environmental Values • Bibliography, Index

Simon Hailwood, How to be a Green Liberal: Nature, Value, and Liberal Philosophy (McGill-queens Univ. Press, 2004)

Simon Hailwood, 1999, “Towards a Liberal Environment” Journal of Applied Philosophy 16: 271-81: has a section arguing that nature’s otherness has value. Nature as other

The Value of Nature's Otherness Simon A. Hailwood Environmental Values 9(2000): 353-372

Christopher Belshaw, Environmental Philosophy: Reason, Nature and Human Concern (Acumen, 200l) Has a chapter on beauty

Kathryn Paxton George, “A Paradox of Ethical Vegetarianism,” in Food for Thought, Steve Sapontzis, ed., Prometheus, 2003.

Colette Palamar, “Restorashyn: Ecofeminist Restoration,” in Env. Ethics Fall 2006.

Patrick Impero Wilson, Forward to the Past: Wolves in the Northern Rockies and the Future of ESA Politics Society & Natural Resources Issue: Volume 19, Number 9 / October 2006

Same as above: A Review of: "Ott, Riki. Sound Truth and Corporate Myths: The Legacy of Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.": Cordova, AL: Dragonfly Sisters Press, 2005. 561, pp. $24.95 (paper). ISBN 0-9645-22667.

Facts not Fear: Parents Guide to Teaching Children about the Environment, by Jane Shaw of Perc, Bozeman

Georgiana Kirkham, “Playing God and Vexing Nature” A cultural Perspective, Environmental Values 15 2006 173-95

Thomas Heyd, “Thinking through Botanic Gardens,” Environmental Values 15 2006, 197-212

Derek Turner, “Monkeywrenching, Perverse Incentives, and Ecodefence,” Environmental Values, 15 2006 213-32.

The Philosopher's Dog by Raimond Gaita 224pp, Routledge, £14.99 on animal minds

Volume 9 Number 1/March 2006 of Ethics, Place & Environment is now available on the http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/1366879X.asp.

The Aesthetics of Agricultural Landscapes and the Relationship between Humans and Nature

J. Baird Callicott, Miguel Acevedo, Pete Gunter, Paul Harcombe, Christopher Lindquist, Michael Monticino1

Reconsidering Wilderness: Prospective Ethics for Nature, Technology, and Society

Exotic Invasions, Nativism, and Ecological Restoration: On the Persistence of a Contentious Debate

Kaufman, Frederik. "Machines, Sentience, and the Scope of Morality." Environmental Ethics 16(1994):57-70. Environmental philosophers are often concerned to show that non-sentient things, such as plants or ecosystems, have interests and therefore are appropriate objects of moral concern. They deny that mentality is a necessary condition for having interests. Yet they also deny that they are committed to recognizing interests in things like machines. I argue that either machines have interests (and hence moral standing) too or mentality is a necessary condition for inclusion within the purview of morality. I go on to argue that the aspect of mentality necessary for having interests is more complicated than mere sentience. Kaufman is in the department of Philosophy and Religion, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY. (EE)

Claudia Mills, “Are There Morally Problematic Reasons for Having Childern?” (E.g. for spare parts) Philosophy and Public Policy Quarterly 25,4 (Fall 2005), p. 2. I have.

Roger Scruton, Animal Rights and Wrongs (1996, third edn. 2000): Animals were once regarded as things, placed on earth for our use and enjoyment, to be treated according to our convenience. This is no longer so. All thinking people now recognise the gulf that exists between sentient and non-sentient beings and almost all recognise that we have no God-given right to ignore the suffering that we cause just because the victim belongs to some other species. Moral sentiment has a natural tendency to seek expression in law. The argument of this book should therefore be understood as exploring the moral background to a legal question. Against a background of public concern about issues ranging from BSE to the export of veal calves and from fox hunting to vivisection, this acclaimed book brings a much-needed clarity to complex issues and provides a superb example of how to think about the contemporary moral questions.)

Roger Scruton, What is the Precautionary Principle? This essay traces the origins of the Principle and its application. It explores whether it is effective in reducing risk. The Cult of Precaution was published in The National Interest, 30 June 2004; Summer 2004, pp. 148-154. PP.doc

The theme of the Precautionary Principle was considered in The Risk of Freedom Briefing edited by Roger Scruton

Roger Scruton is a firm champion of the small farm and the family farmers, and maintains links with the FFA, the Countryside Alliance, and other movements devoted to ecological and agricultural causes.

Eric Katz, Death by Design: Science, Technology and Engineering in the Holocaust (New York: Person Longman, 2006)

New !!: The debate over Technorealism versus Techno-Luddism and Techno-utopianism. Click here for an overview of Technorealism.

New !!: Kirkpatrick Sale, Howard Rheingold, Mark Stahlman, Steve Silberman, and Brooke Shelby Biggs discuss the question: What is it that you fear most about digital technology's effects?

Albert Borgman, The Moral Complexion of Consumption, Journal of Consumer Research 26 March 2000: 418-422.

William MCDonough, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the way we make things Northpoint press 2002.

Gary Steiner, anthropocentrism and its Discontents: The Moral Status of Animals in the History of Western Philosophy

Christopher Preston, ed., Ethics and Environment, Special Issue on Epistemology and Environmental Philosophy Vol 10, 2 Autumn 2005

Redclift, Michael, ed. Sustainability: Life Chances and Livelihoods. London: Routledge, 1999. Review by Inge Ropke Environmental Values 10(2001):422. (EV)

Redclift, Michael, "Sustainable Development: Needs, Values, Rights." Environmental Values Vol.2 No.1(1993):3-20. ABSTRACT: `Sustainable development' is analyzed as a product of the Modernist tradition, in which social criticism and understanding are legitimized against a background of evolutionary theory, scientific specialization, and rapid economic growth. Within this tradition, sustainable development emphasizes the need to live within ecological limits, but allows the retention of an essentially optimistic idea of progress. However, the inherent contradictions in the concept of sustainable development may lead to rejection of the Modernist view in favour of a new vision of the world in which the authority of science and technology is questioned and more emphasis is placed on cultural diversity. KEYWORDS: Development, environment, modernism, needs, post-modernism, sustainability, values. Wye College, University of London, Near Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, UK.

"Arne Naess, His Life and Work," guest edited by Bill Devall and Alan Drengson. Go to http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/ and click the "Current Issue" button. The series is divided into two parts. Part One: Arne Naess, His Life and Work, is divided into four sections. Section 3, "History, Education, and Practical Applications," and Section 4, "Local Grounds and Personal Mythologies," are included in this issue. Sections 1 and 2 of Part One were published in the previous issue (Vol. 21, No. 2.) and can be found at the above URL under the "Archives" button. This issue of the Trumpeter concludes Part One of the series. Part Two: Arne Naess, Life and Work, with Reflections by Others, is currently being prepared for publication. It will contain further Works by Arne Naess and works on him by others.

Animal Passions and Beastly Virtues Reflections on Redecorating Nature by Marc Bekoff, foreword by Jane Goodall says on science and ethics of research into animal behavior Temple 2005.

New website: The Environmental History Home-site An new website has been launched with the aim to provide insights and resources of world environmental history, but with a focus on
northwestern Europe. http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/k.j.w.oosthoek/index.html

In 55 BC, the Roman leader Pompey staged a combat between humans and elephants. Surrounded in the arena, the animals perceived that they had no hope of escape. According to Pliny, they then "entreated the crowd, trying to win its compassion with indescribable gestures, bewailing their plight with a sort of lamentation." The audience, moved to pity and anger by their plight, rose to curse Pompey — feeling, wrote Cicero, that the elephants had a relation of commonality (societas) with the human race.

Reply to Martha Nussbaum, 'Justice for Non-Human Animals', The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, November 13, 2002 http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/20021113.htm

Animal Rights: Current Debates New Directions Edited by Cass R. Sunstein and Martha Nussbaum Oxford University Press Due/Published April 2004, 352 pages, cloth

ISBN 0195152174 : Essays include, “Introduction: What Are Animal Rights?,” Cass Sunstein; “Animal Rights, One Step at a Time,” Steven M. Wise; “Animal Rights: Legal, Philosophical and Pragmatic Perspectives,” Richard A. Posner; “Ethics beyond Instincts: A Response to Richard Posner,” Peter Singer; “Eating Meat and Eating People,” Cora Diamond; “Animals as Objects, or Subjects, of Rights,” Richard A. Epstein; “Can Animals Sue?,” Cass Sunstein; “Of Mice and Men: A Feminist Fragment on Animal Rights,” Catharine A. Mackinnon; “Beyond ‘Compassion and Humanity’: Justice for Nonhuman Animals,” Martha Nussbaum; “Animals – Property or Persons?,” Gary L. Francione; “Drawing Lines,” James Rachels; “All Animals Are Not Equal: The Interface between Scientific Knowledge and Legislation for Animal Rights,” Lesley J. Rogers and Gisela Kaplan; “Foxes in the Hen House: Animals, Agribusiness and the Law: A Modern American Fable,” David J. Wolfson and Mariann Sullivan.

Transhumanists advocate continuing the progressive transformation of the human condition, especially (but not exclusively) through technological means. Some guy named Burch writes this material. We know nothing about who he is or how thoughtful he is.

This book is an anthology of leading transhumanists. Each chapter opens with an interview with key figures as we resolve striking issues about the future. The title represents a constructive rebuttal to Francis Fukuyama, who recently pointed to transhumanism as the world?s most dangerous idea. The irony is that transhumanists, as proponents of determined, yet carefully considered, progress are helping to expand our options. A vastly greater danger is the controlling desire to stop progress on the basis of vague fears promoted by a few elite thinkers with a foot in the corridors of power (which includes Fukuyama as well as Leon Kass). At the same time, Fukuyama is exactly right: transhumanist ideas are dangerous; they pose a serious threat to the continued reign of age-old afflictions of humanity, including the deterioration of old age, the severely limited cognitive powers of biological brains, and the disturbed emotions thrown up over the course of our evolutionary emergence. To learn more about this book read on.

Journal of evolution and technology: A peer-reviewed electronic journal published by the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies ISSN 1541-0099, special issue on Religion and Transhumanism: Introducing a Conversation Religion & Transhumanism Issue (Vol. 14, Issue 2 - August 2005)

In broadest terms, transhumanism is the view that humans should (or should be permitted to) use technology to remake human nature (Bostrom, 2001, Walker, 2002b). It is believed that through stem cell technology, genetic engineering and nanotechnology the possibility exists that this century we might be able to greatly enhance the healthy life span of persons, increase intelligence, and some would argue, make ourselves happier, and more virtuous (Pierce, 1996; Walker, 2003; Hughes, 2004). Central to transhumanism is the re-contextualizing of humanity in terms of its technology; it represents a drive towards technological exploration into the enhancement of the human condition. In an era of increasing innovations in informational and biotechnologies, transhumanism presents a radical view of our future world: the merging of humanity with technology as the next stage of our human evolution—we have the opportunity to become something more than human.

By Dr Andy Miah, n Glasa, J. (Ed.) The Ethics of Human Genetics. Strasburg, Council of Europe, pp.171-180.[PDF]

Technology in Sport - Three Ideal-typical views and their implications (2002) by Prof Sigmund Loland

By Dr Andy Miah, Proceedings of the 8th International Post-Graduate Seminar on Olympic Studies, International Olympic Academy, Athens, pp.264-277.

By Dr Andy Miah, In Taylor, T. (Ed) How you play the Game: the contribution of sport to the protection of human rights,

Climbing Upwards or Climbing Backwards? The Technological Metamorphoses of Climbing and Mountaineering (2000)

The Science of Climbing and Mountaineering. Human Kinetics Publishers, Chapter 27. [PDF]

FAST was created and is maintained by Dr Andy Miah, Author of Genetically Modified Athletes: Biomedical Ethics, Gene Doping & Sport (London and New York, Routledge) and the 'Bioethics & Sport' blogspot.

Technology and the Wilderness expereince, Sarah Pohl, Environmental Ethics, 28,2 Summer 2006 p. 147

Sudhir Chella Rajan, “Automobility, Liberalism and the Ethics of Driving” Environmental Ethics Spring 2007 29,1.

Larry Hickman, ed., Technology as a Human Affair ("Some Meanings of Automobiles")

Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence, Peter Newmann and Jeffrey Kenworthy (Island, 1999)

Julia Meaton and David Morrice, "The Ethics and Politics of Private Automobile Use", Environmental Ethics 18,1 (Spring 1996).

Dr.Richard Porter, U of Michigan professor of Economics and author Economics behind the wheel: the hidden costs of cars and driving

Environmental Ethics And Law (The International Library of Environmental Law and Policy) (Hardcover) by Robert J. Goldstein (Editor) Ashgate Nov 2004

"Speth, James Gustave. Red Sky at Morning: America and the Crisis of the Global Environment": New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004

Thomas Heyd, Recognizing the Autonomy of Nature Theory and Practice Columbia 2005

1. Introduction: Recognizing the Autonomy of Nature: Theory and Practice, by Thomas Heyd

5. Respecting Nature’s Autonomy in Relationship with Humanity, by Ned Hettinger

8. Purple Loosestrife and the “Bounding” of Nature in North American Wetlands, by John Sandlos

10. Ecological Restoration and the Renewal of Wildness and Freedom, by Mark Woods

11. Conclusion: Autonomy, Restoration, and the Law of Nature, by William R. Jordan III

Paul Moriarty (Longwood State), "Nature Naturalized: A Darwinian Defense of the Nature/Culture Distinction" http//www.cep.unt.edu/ISEE2/moriarty.pdf

Mark Michael, “Is it Natural to Drive Species to Extinction?” Ethics and Environment, 10, 1 p. 49-66. “The natural can do no useful theoretical work in env. ethics”!!!!!

Michael, Mark, "An Alternative to the Common Heritage Principle," Environmental Ethics 9(1987):351-371. An argument in favor of a modified Lockean principle of acquisition regarding unowned resources. Nations should be permitted to acquire resources they develop, as long as there is some international mechanism to prevent overexploitation. This "limited Lockean" principle preserves fairness, freedom, and the maximization of the common good. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Michael, Mark. "An Alternative to the Common Heritage Principle." Environmental Ethics 9(1987):351-71. Many valuable natural resources are found outside current territorial limits, for example, on the Moon and in the deep sea. As technology advances, these resources become more accessible. I argue that the claim that all humanity owns these resources is insupportable if taken literally. Because they are truly unowned, we need to develop a principle of justice in acquisition which describes the procedure that must be followed to obtain property rights to these unowned objects. I conclude with a tentative development of such a principle based on the moral ideals of fairness, freedom, and the maximization of the common good. Michael is in the philosophy department, State University of New York, Albany, NY. (EE)

Porritt, Jonathon, "The Common Heritage: What Heritage? Common to Whom?" Environmental Values Vol.1 No.3(1992):257-268. ABSTRACT: Global commons are natural goods which transcend national boundaries. A brief glance at management of oceans and terrestrial commons is succeeded by fuller discussion of rainforests, over which nations claim property rights, yet which perform global services. Leasing out could effect a desirable transfer of funds from North to South. Sustainable development requires these or other large incentives towards environmental protection in developing countries, but land and institutional reform are crucial to success. In conclusion, the anthropocentric ethic implicit in all such solutions is contrasted with the ecocentric one which may be necessary to preserve the biosphere in the future. KEYWORDS: Biosphere, global commons, rainforests, property rights, stewardship, sustainability. 30 Swinton Street, London WC1X 9NX, UK.

Rolston, Holmes, III, "Whose Woods These Are. Are Genetic Resources Private Property or Global Commons? Earthwatch, vol. 12, no. 3 (March/April 1993):17-18. Ownership of wild species, sometimes being claimed by Third World Nations, makes national resources out of a natural resource that has classically been part of the common heritage of humankind. There are conceptual and practical problems with claiming such wild species ownership. These species belong to us all, with a shared right to use and responsibility to protect. (v4,#2) Download/print in PDF format:

Rolston, III, Holmes. "Environmental Ethics in Antarctica. "The concerns of environmental ethics on other continents fail in Antarctica, which is without sustainable development, or ecosystems for a "land ethic," or even familiar terrestrial fauna and flora. An Antarctic regime, developing politically, has been developing an ethics, underrunning the politics, remarkably exemplified in the Madrid Protocol, protecting"the intrinsic value of Antarctica." Without inhabitants, claims of sovereignty are problematic. Antarctica is a continent for scientists and, more recently, tourists. Both focus on wild nature. Life is driven to extremes; these extremes can intensify an ethic. Antarctica as common heritage transforms into wilderness, sanctuary, wonderland. An appropriate ethics for the seventh continent differs radically from that for the other six. Environmmental Ethics 24(2002):115-134. (EE)

Paul Moriarity, “Nature Naturalized: A Darwinian Defense of the Nature/Culture Distinction” environmental Ethics 29,3 (Fall 2007): 227-246. Earlier version of paper at http://www.cep.unt.edu/ISEE2/moriarty.

Goldman, Alan “The Experiential Account of Aesthetic Value” Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 64,3 (Summer 2006): 333-342.

Mark Michael, “Is it Natural to Drive Species to Extinction?” Ethics and Environment, 10, 1 p. 49-66. “The natural can do no useful theoretical work in env. ethics”!!!!!

Donna Ladkin, “Does Restoration Necessarily Imply the Domination of Nature?” Environmental Values 14 (2005): 203-19.

Steve Packard, “No End to Nature,” Restoration and Management Notes 8,2 (Winter 1990), p. 70.

Steve Packard, “Restoring Oak Ecosystems,” Restoration and Management Notes 11,1 (Summer 1993), pp. 5-16.

“Sunflower Forest: Ecological Restoration a Basis for a New Environmental Paradigm” Beyond Preservation (1994)

Visvader, John (1996) “Natura Naturans,” Human Ecology Review 3 (Autumn): 16-18.

Stanley Kane (1994) “Preservation or Restoration? Reflections on a Clash of Environmental Philosophies”

“Another Look at Restoration: Technology and Artificial Life,” Restoring Nature (2000)

“Understanding Moral Limits in the Duality of Artifacts and Nature: A Reply to Critics,” Ethics & the Environment (2002)

JAC A.A. Swart, “Care for the Wild: An Integrative View of Wild and domesticated Animals,” Environmental Values 14 (2005) 251-63.

Offshore wind farms and commercial fisheries in the UK: A study in Stakeholder Consultation pp. 127 - 140

The question of success and environmental ethics: Revisiting the DDT controversy from a transnational perspective, 1967–72 pp. 159 - 179

The aesthetic appreciation of nature, scientific objectivity, and the standpoint of the subjugated: Anthropocentrism reimagined pp. 235 - 250

Robert Elliot, “Instrumental Value in Nature as a Basis for the Intrinsic Value of Nature as a Whole,” Environmental Ethics 21, 1 Spring 2005, 43-56.

PBS Cadillac Desert Series OUT OF PRINT A boxed set of all four episodes of the PBS Cadillac Desert series.

Video: Cadillac Desert: Water and the Transformation of Nature - Mulholland's Dream (1997)

"Instant city--just add water!" The story of the transformation of Los Angeles from a neglected 19th-century town into America's largest metropolis boils down to William Mullholland's vision of a pipeline stretching across California to quench the parched town's thirst. Mulholland's Dream uses news footage, clips from Chinatown, and interviews with historians and residents of the areas sucked dry to tell how one desert was exchanged for another early in this century. L.A.'s explosive growth demanded ever-increasing inflow, and only very recently has the great city been forced to consider reducing its demand rather than increasing its supply. Comments from descendents of Mulholland and his adversaries enliven the picture, and we realize just how impassioned these men and women were--they were fighting for their lives. The story of the long struggles, both with neighbors and with nature, make for compelling viewing in this first of the series Cadillac Desert. --Rob Lightner

Revealing the facts behind the fiction of Chinatown, Mulholland's Dream tells the story of William Mulholland, who secretly purchased water rights to the Owens River, then built an aqueduct to "deliver" it to Los Angeles. Includes interviews with Chinatown screenwriter Robert Towne and William Mulholland's granddaughter.

Video: Cadillac Desert: Water and the Transformation of Nature - The Mercy of Nature (1997) California produces much of America's food on some of its most arid land, the San Joaquin Valley. How did this happen? The Mercy of Nature tells the story of the politicians and engineers who created the largest system of water works ever executed, providing practically free water to farmers in the basin. Interviews and newsreel footage combine with haunting portraits of the miles of highway and acres of fields to bring the valley's story to life. The machinations of big business to exploit the government, the water, and the land are exposed, as well as the party-killing political atmosphere following revelations of pesticide buildup and cost overruns. Vivid, beautiful, and funny at times, this is a moving tribute to the small-time farmers who were there before the big projects and will remain after they're gone. Like the rest of the Cadilllac Desert series, The Mercy of Nature reminds us of our limits. --Rob Lightner

This informative look at water politics traces the fierce battles that raged around the transformation of California's Central Valley from semiarid desert into the most environmentally altered agricultural region in history

Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, Ethics, Ed. Carl Mitcham, McMillan reference 2005.

Donald Worster, “The Ecology of Order and Chaos,” Environmental History Review 14 (1990): 1-18

Harris, Paul G., "Affluence, Poverty and Ecology: International Relations, and Sustainable Development," Ethics and the Environment 2(1997):121-138. Effective efforts to protect the global environment will require the willing cooperation of the world's poor. Persuading them to join international environmental agreements and to choose environmentally sustainable development requires substantial concessions from the affluent industrialized countries, including additional financial assistance and technology transfers. The affluent countries ought to provide such assistance to the world's poor for ethical reasons. Doing so would promote transnational distributive justice, which is defined here as a fair and equitable distribution among countries of benefits, burdens and decision making authority, in this case associated with transnational environmental relations. Conceptions of distributive justice examined include utilitarianism, human rights, causality/responsibility, impartiality, and principles derived from Kantian and Rawlsian ethics. Harris is a visiting research fellow at the Oxford Centre for the Environment, Ethics, and Society. (E&E)

Helm, Carsten, and Simonis, Udo E. "Distributive Justice in International Environmental Policy: Axiomatic Foundation and Exemplary Formulation," Environmental Values 10(2001):5-18. Abstract: Proceeding on a limited number of general, widely accepted equity criteria, we develop a proposal for distributing common resources. In particular, the proposed fair division mechanism is individually rational, envy-free, Pareto-efficient and satisfies the stand alone test, which follows as a minimum requirement from the resource and population monotonicity criteria. Applied to international climate policy, the thrust of this proposal is that the South should initially be fully compensated for the greenhouse gas abatement measures it is to undertake as a result of efficiency considerations. Keywords: Fair division, equity, common resources, climate change. Helm is at Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Faculty of Economics and Managment. Simonis is at the Science Centre Berlin, Environmental Policy Studies. (EV)

2.Holmes Rolston, III, Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural, pp. 32-44;

4.Jay Anderson, "A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating and Quantifying Naturalness," Conservation Biology 5, 3, Sept 1991.

6.Holmes Rolston, III, "Treating Animals Naturally?" Between the Species 5 (1989): 131-32.

7.Jay Anderson, "A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating and Quantifying Naturalness," Conservation Biology 5, 3, Sept 1991. Three indices of naturalness: (1) degree to which the system would change if humans were removed; 2, the amount of cultural energy required to maintain the functioning of the system as it currently exists, 3, the complement of native species currently in an area compared with the species that existed prior to settlement (also consider exotics introduced). Last two are quantifiable.

8.Holmes Rolston, "Can and ought we to Follow nature" Environmental Ethics Early env. ethics

9."The Ethics of Being a part of Nature, Environmental Ethics Recent env. ethics

William S. Lynn (2005) Finding Common Ground in a Landscape of Deer and People, Chicago Wilderness Magazine 8 (Winter), 12-15.

Claude Evans, With Respect for Nature: Living as Part of the Natural World (SUNY, 2005).

Tom Butler, ed., Wild Earth: Wild Ideas for a World out of Balance, Milkweed Editions 2002 (according to author “widely adopted for use in college-level env. studies courses”)

The Value of Nature's Otherness Simon A. Hailwood Environmental Values 9(2000): 353-372

Katie McShane “Ecosystem Health” Environmental Ethics 26: 227-245 (Fall, 2004).

Ecosystem Health: An Objective Evaluation? Lilly-Marlene Russow Environmental Values 4(1995): 363-369 Some ecologists and philosophers have tried to develop a concept of ecosystem health that would support a more 'objective' means of evaluating an ecosystem. I argue (following Dale Jamieson) that the concept of health is itself too subjective to justify such an attempt, and then suggest that part of the problem is that the goal of achieving greater objectivity is itself unclear. I analyse and evaluate three different ways of drawing the distinction between subjective and objective evaluations as a first step towards clarifying that goal.

ETERNAL TREBLINKA: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust by Charles Patterson, Ph.D. Lantern Books, New York, 2002 (2nd printing) ISBN: 1-930051-99-9

THE SPLENDOR OF CREATION A Biblical Ecology By Ellen Bernstein 144 pp ISBN 0-8298-1664-X Spring 2005 $16.00

Paul Taylor, "Frankena on Environmental Ethics," THE MONIST, Vol. 64, No. 3 (July, 1981), p. 313-324.

Gillian Brock, Does obligation diminish with distance? Ethics, Place & Environment Volume 8, Number 1 / March 2005

Many people believe in what can be described as a ‘concentric circles model of responsibilities to others’ in which responsibilities are generally stronger to those physically or affectively closer to us—those who, on this model, occupy circles nearer to us. In particular, it is believed that we have special ties to compatriots and, moreover, that these ties entail stronger obligations than the obligations we have to non-compatriots.

While I concede that our strongest obligations may generally be to those family and friends with whom we have close personal relationships, those often thought to occupy the inner core, what I want to challenge is the idea that our obligations diminish in strength when we move beyond the boundary of the circles occupied by compatriots and proceed to those more geographically or culturally distant from us. The weight that is typically placed on the boundary between compatriots and non-compatriots in determining the strength of our obligations to others cannot withstand critical scrutiny. In this paper I show that arguments that are supposed to work to justify stronger obligations to compatriots than non-compatriots do not succeed in the ways imagined. I also present the framework of a contractarian-style model which aims to give us a more systematic way to think about our obligations to ‘non-core’ others, both distant and near. While we can certainly have different kinds of obligations, my analysis shows that our basic obligations to others do not diminish with distance. In addition, my account aims to flesh out what our basic obligations to others are.

The Ethics of Waste: How We Relate to Rubbish by Gay Hawkins Nov 2004 Rowman and Littlefield

Deane Curtin, Environmental Ethics for a Post Colonial World Rowman and littlifield

Environmental Virtue Ethics. Ed. By Philip Cafaro And Ronald Sandler. Roman and Littlefield in library 2005; Cafaro on Thoreau, leopold and Carson, Hill, rol, Schmidtz on repugnant conclusions, Frasz on Benevolence, Cafaro on gluttony arrogance, greed and apathy: env. Vice, Wenz on Synergistic env. Virtues

AMERICAN VALUES: AMERICAN WILDERNESS, narrated by the late Christopher Reeve, now available on DVD exclusively from High Plains Films.

Price, Principle, and the Environment by Mark Sagoff Cambridge University Press November 2004 Contents:

2 At the Monument to General Meade or On the Difference between Beliefs and Benefits 29

8 Cows Are Better Than Condos or How Economists Help Solve Environmental Problems 177

9 The View from Quincy Library or Civic Engagement in Environmental Problem Solving 201

Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy is a new peer-reviewed, open access journal that provides a platform for the dissemination of new practices and for dialogue emerging out of the field of sustainability. http://ejournal.nbii.org/about/about.html

Religion and nature journal:
www.religionandnature.com/society/news/SocietyNews(0).pdf

Robert Kirkman The ethics of metropolitan growth: a framework Philosophy & Geography Volume 7, Number 2 / August 2004 Pages: 201 - 218

Although debates about the shape and future of the built environment are usually cast in economic and political terms, they also have an irreducible ethical component that stands in need of careful examination. This paper is the report of an exploratory study in descriptive ethics carried out in Atlanta, Georgia. Archival sources and semi-structured interviews provide the basis for identifying and sorting the diverse value judgments and value conflicts that come into play in a rapidly growing metropolitan area. The goal of the project is to expand and refine a draft framework for grappling with the ethical complexity of the situations from which individuals and communities make important decisions about their surroundings. The success of the framework is to be measured by its usefulness in informing the judgment of professionals and citizens, and in facilitating a robust normative debate about the built environment.

Alan Carter, “Saving Nature and Feeding People,” Env. Ethics 26,4 Winter 2004.

Aaron Lercher, “Is Anyone to Blame for Pollution” Env. Ethics 26,4 Winter 2004.

“Only Man’s Presence Can Save Nature,” Harpers (April 1990) pp. 37-48, a debate between Michael Pollan, Daniel Botkin, Dave Foremen, James Lovelock, Frederick Turner, and Robert Yaro, includes sections on “Beyond Wilderness,” “Designing Nature,” “Speaking for the Wolf” includes discussion on if humans are natural

Michael Pollan, Second Nature: A Gardener’s Education (NY: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1991)

Michael Pollan, NY Times around May 16, 2006 “Walmart goes organic; now the bad news”

Michael Pollan on beef industry, hormones, antibiotic FRESH AIR April 3, 2002 Wednesday Michael Pollan discusses the US beef industry ANCHORS: TERRY GROSS

http://www.math.uic.edu/~takata/some_articles/FreshAir_Michael_Pollon_on_beef_industry,_hormones,_antibiotics.html

M. Pollan, 1994, “Against nativism,” The New York Times Magazine, May 15: 52-55.

"The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World,” by Michael Pollan. Random House, 2001.

Brittan, Jr., Gordon G., "Wind, energy, landscape: reconciling nature and technology," Philosophy and Geography 4 (No. 2, 2001): 169-184. Despite the fact that they are in most respects environmentally benign, electricity-generating wind turbines frequently encounter a great deal of resistance. Much of this resistance is aesthetic in character; wind turbines somehow do not "fit" in the landscape. On one (classical) view, landscapes are beautiful to the extent that they are "scenic", well-balanced compositions. But wind turbines introduce a discordant note, they are out of "scale". On another (ecological) view, landscapes are beautiful if their various elements form a stable and integrated organic whole. But wind turbines are difficult to integrate into the biotic community; at least in certain respects, they are like "weeds". Moreover, there is a reason why the 100-meter, three bladed wind turbines now favored by the industry cannot very well be accommodated to any landscape view. They are, as Albert Borgmann would put it, characteristic of contemporary technology, distanced "devices" for the production of a commodity rather than "things" with which one can engage. It follows that the only way in which the aesthetic resistance to wind turbines can be overcome is to make them more "thing-like". One such "thing-like" turbine is discussed. Brittan is Regent's Professor of Philosophy at Montana State University. (P&G)

Kimbrell, Andrew, ed., Fatal Harvest: The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture. Washington: Island Press, 2002. Published by the Foundation for Deep Ecology, by arrangement with Island Press. Our currently ecologically destructive agricultural system, and a vision for an organic and environmentally safer way of producing the food we eat. An abstract is reprinted as: "Silent Earth: Industrial Farming in the US Alone Kills 67 Million Birds a Year. When Will Agribusiness Stop Pretending They Care About the Environment?," Ecologist 33(no. 5, 2003): 58-59. (v.14, #4

Sullivan, Shannon, McCann, Elizabeth, DeYoung, Raymond, Erickson, Donna. "Farmers' Attitudes about Farming and the Environment: A Survey of Conventional and Organic Farmers," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 9(1996):123-143. This paper compares the attitudes and beliefs of a group of conventional farmers to those of a group of organic farmers. It was found that while both groups reject the idea that a farmer's role is to conquer nature, organic farmers were significantly more supportive of the notion that humans should live in harmony with nature. Organic farmers also reported a greater awareness of and appreciation for nature in their relationship with the land. Both groups view independence as a main benefit of farming and a lack of financial reward as its main drawback. Overall, conventional farmers report more stress in their lives although they also view themselves in a caretaker role for the land more than do the organic farmers. In contrast, organic farmers report more satisfaction with their lives, a greater concern of living ethically and a stronger perception of community. Both groups are willing to have their rights limited (organic farmers somewhat more so) but they do not trust the government to do so. Keywords: environmental attitudes, organic farming environmental ethics. Sullivan, DeYoung and Erickson teach in the School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan. McCann teaches in the College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin Stevens Point. (JAEE)

Verhoog, Henk, Matze, Mirjam, Van Bueren, Edith Lammerts, and Baars, Ton, "The role of the concept of the natural (naturalness) in organic farming," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 16(2003):29-49. Producers, traders, and consumers of organic food regularly use the concept of the natural (naturalness) to characterize organic agriculture and or organic food, in contrast to the unnaturalness of conventional agriculture. Critics sometimes argue that such use lacks any rational (scientific) basis and only refers to sentiment. In our project, we made an attempt to clarify the content and the use of the concepts of nature and naturalness in organic agriculture, to relate this conception to discussions within bioethical literature, and to draw the implications for agricultural practice and policy. We conclude that the idea of "naturalness" can be used to characterize organic agriculture and to distinguish it from conventional agriculture, but only if naturalness not only refers to not using chemicals but also to ecological principles and respect for the integrity of life. Thus perceived, the principle of naturalness can also serve as a guide to future developments in the field of organic agriculture. As part of the holocentric ethics of organic farming the value of naturalness has three dimensions: a cognitive one, an emotive one, and a normative one. KEY WORDS: concept of nature and naturalness, environment, ethics, farm ecology, integrity of life, organic agriculture and food. (JAEE)

Langdon Winner, “Do Artifacts have Politics?” P. 289 of David Kaplan Ed, Readings in the Philosophy of Technology 2004

Cafaro, Philip, "Less is More: Economic Consumption and the Good Life." Philosophy Today 42(1998): 26-39. We should judge economic consumption on whether it improves or detracts from our lives, and act on that basis. The issue of consumption is placed in the context of living a good life, in order to discuss its justifiable limits. Two important areas of our economic activity, food consumption and transportation, are examined from an eudaimonist perspective. From the perspective of our enlightened self-interest, we see that when it comes to economic consumption, less is more. Not always, and not beyond a certain minimum level. But often, less is more; especially for the middle and upper class members of wealthy industrial societies. This is the proper perspective from which to consider environmentalists' calls for limiting consumption in order to protect nature. (v.9,#3)

Jokes: Philosophical Thoughts on Joking Matters Ted Cohen: Great jokes, shame about the philosophy! Well, that's not entirely fair. This book presents a reasonable philosophy of jokes, but there's not a whole lot to say on this subject, and, anyway, it seems to miss the point somehow. Fortunately, the focus here is as much on the jokes, and some great ones are included, particularly a number of ingenious Jewish jokes which most people haven't heard.

'Respect for nature' in the earth charter: the value of species and the value of individuals p. 97 Clare Palmer, Ethics, Place, and Environment sometime in 2004?

Mary Midgely, "Biotechnology and Monstrosity: Why Should we Pay Attention to the 'Yuk Factor,'" Hasting Center Report 30, no 5 (2000) 7-15.

Richard Lewontin, “Genes in the Food!” New York Review of Books 48, 10 (21 June 2001): 81-84

Mildred Cho, et al., “Ethical Considerations in Synthesizing a Minimal Genome,” Science 286, no 5447 (1999): 2087-90.

Child Labor Abroad, Roland Pierik, Philosophy and Public Policy Quarterly 24,3 Summer 2004.

“Bambi Lovers versus Tree Huggers,” in Steve Sapontzis, e.d., Food for Thought: The Debate over Meat Eating (Amherst, NY; Prometheus, 2004), pp., 294-301.

*Understanding Nanotechnology* by the editors of Scientific American is a nice very short (c. 100 pp.) booklet about nano

*Nanotechnology: A Gentle Introduction to the Next Big Idea* by D. Ratner and M. Ratner (father and son) is longer, but accessible and pretty good on the science. less good on the society stuff.

Our project has a work in progress website with other resources that could be helpful:

There is a pretty nice historical presentation of the origins of nanotechnology "The Nanotechnology Revolution" by Adam Keiper in *The New Atlantis: A Journal of Technology and Society* Number 2, Summer 2003, pp. 17-34.

Finally, I've attached a paper of my own, "The Mythology of Nanotechnology" that drives through the material your question asks about, but at an oblique angle...

Ronald Cole-Turner “Do Means Matter Evaluating Technologies of Human Enhancement,” Report form Institute of Philosophy and Public Policy 18, 4 Fall 1998 p. 8-12

Claudia Mills, “One Pill Makes You Smarter: An Ethical Appraisal of Rise of Ritalin” Report form Institute of Philosophy and Public Policy 18, 4 Fall 1998 p 13-17

Eric Parens, ed., Enhancing Human Traits: Ethical and Social Implications, Georgetown U Press, Hastings Center Studies in Ethics. 1998 Read summary of arguments in eds intro.

This covers some of the ground in the Hastings Center Report special issue on enhancement printed in 1997

Carl Elliott, “Enhancement Technology” in David Kaplan Ed, Readings in the Philosophy of Technology 2004 7 pages

Carl Elliott, Better Than Well: American Medicine Meets the American Dream, Norton, June 2004 / paperback / ISBN 0-393-32565-2

Carl Elliott, the author of Better Than Well, talks about amputee wannabes, Extreme Makeover, and the meta-ethics of bioethics\

Harold Bloom, a staunch defender of the Western literary tradition, returns to Shakespeare, "the true multicultural author." By Jennie Rothenberg.

Simon Winchester, the author of Krakatoa, talks about the natural and cultural reverberations of a famous volcanic eruption.

Zoë Heller, the author of What Was She Thinking?, talks about trying a new point of view, and how journalism prepared her for fiction.

Robert Baer, a former CIA agent and the author of "The Fall of the House of Saud" (May Atlantic), discusses the perils of our dependence on Saudi Arabia and its precious supply of fuel.

Alston Chase, the author of Harvard and the Unabomber, argues that we have much to fear from the forces that made Ted Kaczynski what he is. By Sage Stossel.

Bruce Hoffman, a world-renowned expert on terrorism, talks about the strategy behind the suicide bombings in Israel—and what we must learn from Israel's response.

Interview with Carl Elliott: at http://www.americanscientist.org/template/InterviewTypeDetail/assetid/27457

Interview with Carl Elliott at: http://www.bioethics.gov/transcripts/sep02/session4.html

Earlier this year, the pharmaceutical manufacturer Allergan announced the "Be The True You 2003 Mall Tour," a traveling roadshow of sorts making the rounds of the nation's shopping centers, offering customer testimonials and consultations with doctors about Botox, a wrinkle-smoothing compound derived from botulinum toxin that won FDA approval for use as a cosmetic last year. When it hit the market, Botox was hailed in the media as the newest, strangest thing under the sun, and to the extent that it's not every day that a close cousin of botulism is touted as the latest route to youth and beauty, such fanfare was understandable. But for all its apparent novelty, Botox was only the most recent of a host of innovations promising renewal and redemption via scalpel, needle, or pill.

DAVID TILMAN*, KENNETH G. CASSMAN‡, PAMELA A. MATSON§, ROSAMOND NAYLOR & STEPHEN POLASKY† Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices Nature 418, 671 - 677 (08 August 2002); doi:10.1038/nature01014

JARED DIAMOND Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication

Leon R. Kass and Daniel Callahan“Let the Ban Stand” August 6, 2001, issue of The New Republic

Small Wonder (Perennial, 2003) by Barbara Kingsolver (includes essay on genetic engineering called “A Fist in the Eye of God”) available on web at

David DeGrazia, “Justice and Capabilities beyond Homo Sapiens,” Response to Martha Nussbaum’s Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Cambridge University, March 6, 200

A. Carter. In Defence of Radical Disobedience. Journal of Applied Philosophy, Volume 15, Number 1 (January 1998), pp. 29-47 The article defends the forms of civil disobedience currently practised by environmental protesters. It reviews the justifications of civil disobedience by Dworkin, Rawls and Singer, and finds them more or less wanting. A new and more extensive justification is provided on the basis of our duties to prevent harm befalling future generations.

McKenna, Erin Feminism and Vegetarianism: A Critique of Peter Singer Philosophy in the Contemporary World, 1: 3 (Fall 1994), 28-35 with a response by Peter Singer Singer, Peter

Grounding Knowledge: Env Philosophy, Epistemology and Place, Christopher Preston 2003 U. of Georgia

The greening of white pride, Steven Gimbel A1 and Randall K. Wilson A2 Philosophy & Geography Issue: Volume 7, Number 1 / February 2004 Pages: 123 - 140

Abstract: At first glance, it is surprising that contemporary racist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan advertise a pro-environmental stance. This fact, however, might be expected by Luc Ferry, who argues for a connection between the racism and nature protection laws of the Third Reich. Ferry argues that a non-anthropocentric approach to nature makes it easier to dehumanize humans so that a non-anthropocentric environmental ethic can transform into racist environmentalism. Does this contemporary case vindicate Ferry? We argue that it does not. When the underlying theoretical foundations and historical conditions that gave rise to the racist environmentalist movements and the contemporary non-anthropocentric environmental left are analyzed, quite different pictures emerge: one type of non-anthropocentric environmentalism is racist, one type of anthropocentric environmentalism is racist, and one type of non-anthropocentric environmentalism is not racist, meaning that any relation between a non-anthropocentric approach to nature and dehumanizing the Other is more complex and historically contextual than Ferry allows.

Tibor Machan, Why Human Beings May Use Animals, Journal of Value Inquiry 36; 9-14, 2002.

Avner de-Shalit, Ruralism or Environmentalism, Environmental Values 5, 1996 47-58 he dist nostalgic, right wind anti modern ruralism and future oriented progressive eco informed anti specistic movement environmentalism

Karen Liftin, The Greening of Sovereignty in World Politics MIT Press, 1998. Including article by Dan Deudney

Earth and Nature-Based Spirituality From Deep Ecology to Radical Environmentalism,” Religion, 31, forthcoming April 2001.

“Deep Ecology and its Social Philosophy: A Critique,” in Beneath the Surface: Critical Essays on Deep Ecology. Eds. E. Katz. A. Light, D. Rothenberg. (Boston: MIT Press, 2000), 269-299.

“Bioregionalism: An Ethics of Loyalty to Place,” Landscape Journal, 19(1&2):50-72, 2000.

“Green Apocalypticism: Understanding Disaster in the Radical Environmental Worldview,” Society and Natural Resources, 12(4):377-386, June 1999.

“Nature & Supernature – Harmony and Mastery: Irony and Evolution in Contemporary Nature Religion,” The Pomegranate, #8 (May 1999), 21-27.

Judith Jarvis Thompson, A defense of Abortion, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1971. This journal is available on line from our library.

The Ritual: Disfiguring, Hurtful, Wildly Festive” Washington Post 6/7/98, Vivienne Walt

Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood Disputing U.S. Polemics, Edited by Stanlie M. James and Claire C. Robertson

Jeffrey Bishop, Modern Liberalism, Female Circumcision and the Rationality of Traditions, Journal of Medicine and Philosophy aug 2004: 473-497

Sirkku Kristiina Hellsten, Pluralism in Multicultural Liberal Democracy and the Justification of Female Circumcision, Journal of Applied Philosophy apr 99 16, 1 p. 69.

William James, “The Will to Believe,” available at: http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/fonda/jamesw.html

Bovenkerk and Brom, “Brave new Birds,” Hastings Center Report 31,1 Jan-feb 2002. Argues that animal’s integrity is violated by engineering them not to feel pain, even if their interests are not.

Benzoni, Francisco 1996. "Rolston's Theological Ethic," Environmental Ethics 18 (4), pp. 339-52.

Berry, Wendell 1992. "Christianity and the Survival of Creation," in Sex, Economy, Freedom & Community. New York: Pantheon Books, pp. 93-116. http://www.crosscurrents.org/berry.htm

Hargrove, Eugene 1994. “The Paradox of Humanity: Two Views of Biodiversity and Landscapes,” in Ke Chung Kim and Robert D. Weaver, eds., Biodiversity and Landscapes. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 173-86.

Ostling, Richard 2003. “Colorado Pioneer in Environmental Ethics Wins Religion Prize Worth More than $1 Million,” Associated Press (March 19).

Ouderkirk, Wayne 1999. "Can Nature be Evil? Rolston, Disvalue, and Theodicy," Environmental Ethics 21 (2), pp. 135-50.

Holmes Rolston, "Are Values in Nature Subjective or Objective?" in Robert Elliot and Aaran Gare, Environmental Philosophy (St. Lucia, New York, London: University of Queensland Press and University Park, PA and London: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1983). Also reprinted in Holmes Rolston, Philosophy Gone Wild (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1986).

Rolston, Holmes, III 1987. Science and Religion: A Critical Survey. New York: Random House.

Rolston Holmes, III 1988. Environmental Ethics. Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press.

Rolston, Holmes, III 1991. “Respect for Life: Christians, Creation, and Environmental Ethics,” CTNS Bulletin: The Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences 11 (2), pp. 1-8.

Rolston, Holmes, III 1994a. Conserving Natural Values. New York: Columbia University Press.

Rolston, Holmes, III 1994b. “Creation: God and Endangered Species,” in Ke Chung Kim and Robert D. Weaver, eds., Biodiversity and Landscapes. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 47-59.

Rolston, Holmes, III 1995. “Does Aesthetic Appreciation of Landscapes Need to be Science-Based?” British Journal of Aesthetics 35 (4), pp. 374-386.

Rolston, Holmes, III 1996. "Scientific Inquiry" (Secular Scientific Spirituality) in Peter H. Van Ness, ed., Spirituality and the Secular Quest. New York: Crossroad Publishing Co., pp. 387-413. (Page numbers quoted in the text are from a draft version of this paper.)

Holmes Rolston, III 1998. “Evolutionary History and Divine Presence,” Theology Today 55, pp. 415-434.

Holmes Rolston, III 1999. Genes, Genesis, and God. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Rolston, Holmes, III 2003. “Naturalizing and Systematizing Evil,” in Willem B. Drees, ed., Is Nature Every Evil? Religion, Science and Value. London: Routledge, pp. 67-86.

Barry, Bryon 1997 Strategic Planning for Non-Profit Organizations, Amherst Wilder Foundation, Wilder Publishing Co., Saint Paul, MN. 55104

Bostock, Stephen St C. 1993 Zoos and Animal Rights – The ethics of keeping animals

Conway, William. 1995 Zoo Conservation and Ethical Paradoxes. Ethics of the Ark – Zoos, Animal Welfare and Wildlife Conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

Croke, Vicki. 1997. The Modern Ark: the story of zoos: past, present and future. Scribner, NY, NY

Duke, Gary A, Frink, Lynne and Thrune, Elaine, 1998. Why Wildlife Rehabilitation is Significant. NWRA Quarterly Journal, Volume 16, #4

Emscher, Christof. 1999 Audubon: Writings and Drawings: Excerpts from “An Ornithological Biography or An Account of the Habits of the Birds of North America”

Geist, A.1995. Noah’s Ark II: Rescuing Species and Ecosystems. Ethics of the Ark – Zoos, Animal Welfare and Wildlife Conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

Kiritz, Norton J. 1980 Program Planning and Proposal Writing, Grantsmanship Center Reprint Series, The Grantsmanship Center, Dept. DD, PO Box 17220, Las Angeles, CA. 90017

Leopold, Aldo. 1948. A Sand County Almanac. Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Ave. NY, NY. 10016

Miller, Erica DVM. 2000. Ethics and Professionalism in Wildlife Rehabilitation. NWRA Quarterly Journal, Volume 18, #3

Regan, Tom 1985 The Case For Animal Rights The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book. Wadsworth/Thomas Learning, Davis Dr., Belmont, CA 94002

Regan, Tom. 1995 Are Zoos Morally Defensible? Ethics of the Ark – Zoos, Animal Welfare and Wildlife Conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

Rolla, Donald A. 1982. Rehabilitators and the Public: For Wildlife’s Sake Who Needs Who. NWRA Proceedings Volume 1, pp156-161

Singer, Peter. 1973. Animal Liberation. The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book. Wadsworth/Thomas Learning, Davis Dr., Belmont, CA 94002

Sleeman, Jonathan M. MRCVS. 2004. Clinical Wildlife Medicine- A New Paradigm for a Century. Lecture at the NWRA Annual Symposium, Orlando FL.

Sunquist, Fiona. End of the Ark? International Wildlife, Nov-Dec 1995 v25 n6 p22(8)

Vrijenhoek, Robert 1995 Natural Processes, Individuals and Units of Conservation. Ethics of the Ark – Zoos, Animal Welfare and Wildlife Conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

Unknown, 2002 Taking Flight: An Introduction to Building Friends Organizations, A National Wildlife Refuge Association Publication, 1010 Wisconson Ave., Suite 200, Washington, DC. 20007

Aitken, Gill. 1997. “Conservation and Individual Worth.” Environmental Values 6: 439-454.

Lee, Keekok. 1997. “An Animal: What is it?” Environmental Values 6: 393-410.

Lemos, Noah M. 1994. Intrinsic Value: Concept and Warrant. Cambridge: Cambridge

Zimmerman, Michael J. 2001. The Nature of Intrinsic Value. Lanham, MD: Rowman &

Luke, Brian. 1995. “Solidarity Across Diversity: A Pluralistic Rapprochement of

Environmentalism and Animal Liberation.” Social Theory and Practice 21: 177-206.

O’Neil, Rick. 2000. “Animal Liberation versus Environmentalism: The Care Solution.”

O’Neil. Rick. 1997. “Intrinsic Value, Moral Standing, and Species.” Environmental Ethics 19:

Singer, Peter. 2004b. “Environmental Values.” Reprinted in Environmental Ethics: Divergence

and Convergence, 3^rd ed., Susan J. Armstrong and Richard G. Botzler, eds. Boston: McGraw-

Taylor, Angus. 2003. Animals and Ethics: An Overview of the Philosophical Debate.

Taylor, Angus. 1996. “Animal Rights and Human Needs.” Environmental Ethics 18: 249-264.

Richard Sylvan, "A critique of deep ecology," Radical Philosophy, no. 40 (Summer 1985). I have. Also in or continued in? volume 41 Autumn 85: 10-22.

William Grey, Anthropocentrism and Deep Ecology,” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 71:4 (December 1993) 463-475.

Grey, William, "A Critique of Deep Ecology." Journal of Applied Philosophy 3, no. 2

Drengson, Alan R. "A Critique of Deep Ecology? Response to William Grey." Journal

David Ray Griffin Reenchantment without Supernaturalism: A Process Philosophy of Religion (Cornell UP, 2001).

Dancing with the Sacred: Evolution, Ecology, and God by Karl E. Peters Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2002 This is an engaging and readable statement of a naturalistic theism, a version of the emerging theological movement often known as Religious Naturalism

Rolston, Holmes, III, "Environment, Nature, and God," co-authored with Jack Weir (Department of Philosophy, Hardin-Simmons University). Chapter 22, pages 229-240, in Frederick Ferre, ed., Concepts of Nature and God (Athens: University of Georgia, Department of Philosophy, 1989). Proceedings of 1987 National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute on Concepts of Nature and God.

Ouderkirk, Wayne. "Can Nature be Evil? Rolston, Disvalue, and Theodicy." Environmental Ethics 21(1999):135-150

Jeff McMahan, The Ethics of Killing, Problems at the Margins of Life, Oxford 2002 McMahan, Jeff. The ethics of killing : problems at the margins of life / Jeff McMahan.

David Degrazia, “Identity, Killing and the Boundaries of Our Existence,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 31 (4) (2003)

David Degrazia, “Persons, Organisms, and Death: A Philosophical Critique of the Higher-Brain Approach,” Southern Journal of Philosophy 37 (3) (1999)

Reproductive Rights?----David Boonin, University of Colorado; The Ethic of Care and the Problem of Wild Animals---Grace Clement

Theodicy and Animal Pain, Between the Species August 2002, Tony Lynch and Gary Comstock debate. http://cla.calpoly.edu/~jlynch/

Joe Bruchac, Native American Story Teller I saw at Env. and Com conference Saratoga Springs, NY, March 2004.

Alan Carter, “Projectivism and the Last Person Argument,” American Philosophical Quarterly 41, 1 (January 2004): 51-62.

Environmental Ethics, Ecological Theology and Natural Selection Suffering and Responsibility Lisa Sideris, Columbia Univ Press 2003

Holmes Rolston, III -- Theology and science: listening to each other in Religion & science : history, method, dialogue / edited by W. Mark Richardson and Wesley J. Wildman. New York : Routledge, 1996.

“The campus community and the concept of sustainability: An Analysis of College of Charleston Student Perceptions,” Charles Earl and others, Chrestomathy, Vol2, 2003.

See Inquiry 39, no 2 (June 1996) special isssue on Arne Naess' Environmental thought, guest edited by Andrew Light and David Rothernberg.

Beach nourishment, issue of Coastal Heritage, Coastal Heritage, Vol. 18, No. 3, Winter 2003-04; A Line in the Sand: Nourishing South Carolina's Beaches available at http://www.scseagrant.org/library/library_coaher_win03.htm

S.C. Sea Grant Consortium coastal heritage publications on line:

http://www.scseagrant.org/library/library_coaher.htm

Wayne Ouderkirk: Can Nature be Evil? Rolston, Disvalue, and Theodicy, Env. Ethics, Vol 21, Summer 1999.

Sandy Marie Angl…s Grande: Beyond the Ecological Noble Savage: Deconstructing the White Man's Indian, Env. Ethics, vol 21, fall 1999.

Francisco Benzoni: Rolston's Theological, Ethic Environmental Ethics, WINTER 1996

McKibben, Bill. Enough : staying human in an engineered age / Bill McKibben. New York : Times Books, c2003 On Genetic engineering In library

--Rauch, Jonathan, "Will Frankenfood Save the Planet?" The Atlantic Monthly, October 2003, pages 103-108. "Over the next half century genetic engineering could feed humanity and solve a raft of environmental ills--if only environmentalists would let it." Rauch is a correspondent for The Atlantic.

--Post, Stephen G., editor in chief, Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 3rd edition. 5 vols. New York: Macmillan Reference, 2003. includes -Rolston, Holmes: "Animal Welfare and Rights. III. Wildlife Conservation and Management"

--Berger, J, "Is It Acceptable to Let a Species Go Extinct in a National Park?," Conservation Biology 17(no.5, 2003):1451-1454.

--Schmidz, David, "Are All Species Equal?" Journal of Applied Philosophy, 15(1998):57-67.Species egalitarianism is the view that all species have equal moral standing. To have moral standing is, at a minimum, to command respect, to be something more than a mere thing. Is there any reason to believe that all species have moral standing in even this most minimal sense? If so - that is, if all species command respect - is there any reason to believe they all command equal respect. The article summarises critical responses to Paul Taylor's argument for species egalitarianism, then explains why other species command our respect but also why they do not command equal respect. The intuition that we should have respect for nature is part of what motivates people to embrace species egalitarianism, but one need not be a species egalitarian to have respect for nature. The article closes by questioning whether species egalitarianism is even compatible with respect for nature.

Minteer, Ben A., and Manning, Robert E., eds., Reconstructing Conservation: Finding Common Ground. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001. Includes:

-Norton, Bryan, "Conservation: Moral Crusade or Environmental Public Policy?" pages 187-205.

-Callicott, J. Baird, "The Implications of the `Shifting Paradigm' in Ecology for Paradigm Shifts in the Philosophy of Conservation," pages 239-261.

--Post, Stephen G., editor in chief, Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 3rd edition. 5 vols. New York: Macmillan Reference, 2003. Some articles relevant to environmental philosophy and animal issues: (These are mostly carried over from the 2nd edition, Warren T. Reich, editor-in-chief, Macmillan Library Reference, Simon and Schuster, 1995, with Holmes Rolston, III as area editor for environmental ethics and animal welfare issues.

-Sagoff, Mark, "Agriculture and Biotechnology"

-Singer, Peter, "Animal Research: Philosophical Issues"

-Regan, Thomas, "Animal Welfare and Rights: I. Ethical Perspectives on the Treatment and Status of Animals"

-Linzey, Andrew, "Animal Welfare and Rights. II. Vegetarianism"

-Rolston, Holmes: "Animal Welfare and Rights. III. Wildlife Conservation and Management"

-Linzey, Andrew, "Animal Welfare and Rights: IV. Pet and Companion Animals"

-Dunlap, Julie, "Animal Welfare and Rights: V. Zoos and Zoological Parks"

-Bernard E. Rollin, "Animal Welfare and Rights: VI. Animals in Agriculture and Farming"

-Jamieson, Dale, "Climate Change"

-Lauritzen, Paul, "Cloning III: Religious Perspectives"

-Rolston, Holmes, "Endangered Species and Biodiversity"

-Callicott, J. Baird, "Environmental Ethics: Overview"

-Naess, Arne, "Deep Ecology"

-Callicott, J. Baird, "Environmental Ethics: III. Law and Ethics"

-Warren, Karen J., "Environmental Ethics: IV. Ecofeminism"

-Sagoff, Mark, "Environmental Policy and Law"

-Peters, Philip J., "Future Generations, Obligations to"

-Shrader-Frechette, Kristin, "Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Substances"

-Newton, Lisa H., "Life"

-Lennox, James A., "Nature"

Stephen Cahn, Morality and public policy, 2003, Prentice Hall, great articles on school vouchers, government support for the arts, feinberg on feminist case agains tporn, same sex marriage, drug legislation, gun control, immigration,

Special issue on environmental narrative, Ethics and Environment, 8,2 Autumn 2003

Bradford Wyche, An overview of Land use Regulations in South Carolina, Southeastern env. law journal 11, 2 spring 2003.

American Philosophical Quarterly (40, 4) October 2003 just saw on "The Metaphysics of Informed Environmental Concern" by Paul Tomassi that appears to argue that metaphysical realism is implied by env. concern.....

Framing with the Wild: Enhancing Biodiversity on Farms and Ranches, coffee table book, 2003, Sierra Club books, deep ecology foundation?

L.E. Johnson, “Species, on their nature and moral standing,” Journal of Natural history 29, 843-49, 1995.

Date: Mon, 3 Nov 2003 17:15:35 -0800
From: Andrew Light <andrew.light@NYU.EDU>
Subject: [ISEE-L] Announcement: Civic Environmentalism Conference

Workshop Announcement Designing for Civic Environmentalism
November 12-15, 2003 School of Architecture University of Texas at Austin

A combined architectural studio and academic workshop sponsored by the Harrington Faculty Fellowship program at the University of Texas at Austin and the UT Center for Sustainable Development. Coordinators: Andrew Light (NYU) and Steven Moore (University of Texas)

A critical literature is growing on the relationship between democratic participation and the resolution of environmental problems. Called variously "civic environmentalism," and "ecological citizenship," such proposals have in common the belief that environmental problems will not be solved without encouraging environmental forms of substantial civic participation. But beyond the theoretical debates which have shaped this literature, what architectural or planning designs would best encourage a more morally responsible set of environmental virtues among citizens? The aim of this workshop is to encourage a more focused discussion of these themes, and therefore a more specific set of proposals concerning the structural possibilities for creating a civic environmentalism.

Friday, November 14-Saturday, November 15 Academic Workshop. Presentations begin at 9:30AM, including:

Kevin Anderson, Geography, University of Texas

"Marginal Nature and Moral Margins: Valuing Nature in the Shadow of the City"

Craig Hanks, Philosophy, Southwest Texas State University

"The 'American Century' as Symptom and Dream: Some Notes Toward A Critical Urban Environmentalism"

Hope Hasbrouck, Landscape Architecture, Harvard Graduate School of Design

"Sites in Systems"

Kathleen Higgins, Philosophy, University of Texas

"Marketing Environmentalism: The Aesthetics of Ecology."

Eric Katz, Philosophy & STS, New Jersey Institute of Technology

"Follow the Money: Environmentalism and the Paradox of Greed"

Roger King, Philosophy, University of Maine

"Playing with Boundaries: Ethical Reflections on Designing an Environmental Culture"

John O'Neill, Philosophy, Lancaster University (U.K.)

"The Nature of Narrative"

Michael Oden, Planning, University of Texas

"Civic Environmentalism, Self Interest, and the Problem of Power

"Barbara Parmenter, Planning, University of Texas

"Planners, Citizens, and Communities: Cautions and Opportunities for 'Planning' Civic Environmentalism"

Gary Rohrbacher, Architecture, University of Texas

"Environmental Civility"

Yuriko Saito, Philosophy, Rhode Island School of Design

"The Role of Aesthetics in Environmentalism"

James Sheppard, Philosophy, University of Missouri, Kansas City

"Civic Design and Regional Connectedness in Urban America"

William Shutkin, Urban Studies and Planning, MIT

"Building Communities of Place: From Ideals to Practices"

Jonathan Smith, Geography, Texas A&M University

"Modern Identity and the Predicament of Place."

Fritz Steiner, Architecture, University of Texas

"The Human Ecology of the First Urban Century"

Closing Comments and Discussion by Andrew Light, Environmental Philosophy, New York University and Steven Moore, Architecture and Planning, University of Texas

Deborah Winter and Susan Koger, The Psychology of Environmental Problems, 2004 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc

Raymond S. Nickerson, Psychology and Environmental Change2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc

Naess, Arne, "Should We Try To Relieve Clear Cases of Extreme Suffering in Nature? Pan Ecology, vol. 6, no. 1, Winter 1991. Naess examines "the darker side of free nature." "Perseverance in the service of protecting nature, support of the deep ecology movement, does not imply any definite opinion on questions of unconditional goodness of nature as a set of ecosystems." "If adequate ecological knowledge were available, some of us would not hesitate to interfere on a large scale against intense and persistent pain." Naess would not interfere with most predation or parasitism, but thinks there are exceptions. He would, if he could, eliminate a reindeer parasite, Cephenomyia trompe, an insect whose larvae grow in the noses of reindeer and slowly suffocate them. "What do humans do when witnessing animals in what they think is unnecessary and prolonged pain? Those who intensively identify with the victims try to rescue them--provided it is not too late and a practical way is seen. Generalized, and made into a policy, rescue attempts would not amount to an attempt to interfere and reform nature." "Respect for the dignity of free nature and proper humility do not rule out planned interference on a greater scale, as long as the aim is a moderation of conditions of extreme and prolonged pain, human or nonhuman. Such pain eliminates the experience of a joyful reality. The higher levels of self-realization of a mature being require assistance to other living beings to realize their potentialities, and this inevitably actualizes concern for the sufferers." Naess is professor emeritus of philosophy at the University of Oslo and the founder of deep ecology. (v2,#1)

Des Kennedy, Nature’s Outcasts: A new Look at Living Things we love to hate, Pownal, Vermont: Storey Communications, 1993)

Sanford Levy, The Biophilia Hypothesis and Anthropocentric Environmentalism, Env. Ethics 25,3, Fall 2003.

Len Olsen, “Contemplating the Intentions of Anglers: The Ethicist’s Challenge” Env. Ethics 25,3, Fall 2003. On de Leuuw’s critique of fishing.

Chipeniuk, Raymond. "On Contemplating the Interests of Fish." Environmental Ethics 19(1997):331-332. (EE)

deLeeuw (de Leeuw), A. Dionys, "Contemplating the Interests of Fish: The Angler's Challenge" Environmental Ethics 18(1996):373-390. I examine the morality of sport fishing by focusing on the respect that anglers show for the interests of fish compared to the respect that hunters show for their game. Angling is a form of hunting because of the strong link between these two activities in literature, in management, and in the individual's participation in both angling and hunting, and in the similarity of both activities during the process of pursuing an animal in order to control it. Fish are similar in many ways to animals that are hunted, including their interests in survival and in avoiding pain. These interests need to be considered by anglers for moral reasons. All hunters and anglers value their sport with animals more than they respect the lives of animals they pursue. Hunters are, therefore, similar to anglers in the respect that they show for the survival interests of their game animals. Hunters, however, are significantly different from anglers in the respect that they show for an animal's interest in avoiding pain and suffering. While hunters make every effort to reduce pain and suffering in their game animals, anglers purposefully inflict these conditions on fish. These similarities and differences have three important consequences. (1) The moral argument justifying the killing of animals for sport in hunting must apply to all of angling as well. (2) Angling, unlike hunting, requires a second justification for the intentional infliction of avoidable pain and suffering in fish. (3) If ethical hunters hold true to their principle of avoiding all suffering in animal that they pursue, then hunters must reject all sports fishing. de Leeuw is a biologist with the British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks. Williams directs an institute for applied ethics, and teaches philosophy at Saint Thomas University, Fredericton, New Brunwick. (EE)

Olsen, Len. "Contemplating the Intentions of Anglers: The Ethicist's Challenge." Environmental Ethics 25(2003):267-277. There are theoretical difficulties involving the intentions of anglers that must be faced by anyone who wants to argue that sport fishing is ethically impermissible. Recent arguments have focused on what might be called the sadistic argument. This argument is fatally flawed because sport fishing is not a sadistic activity. (EE)

Policing Nature, Tyler Cowen, Env.Ethics 25 Summer 2003 on stopping predation in nature.

Cowen,Tyler. "Policing Nature." Environmental Ethics 25(2003):169-182. Utility, rights, and holistic standards all point toward some modest steps to limit or check the predatory activity of carnivores relative to their victims. At the very least, we should limit current subsidies to nature's carnivores. Policing nature need not be absurdly costly or violate common-sense intuitions. (EE)

Another good reference, re: ethical qualms about predation in nature, is Alexander Skutch's The Imperative Call: A Naturalist's Quest in Temperate and Tropical America. Skutch is (perhaps by now was) an ornithologist who lived most of his life in Costa Rica, doing science and conservation work. He was also a follower of Gandhi and comprehensive nonviolence. It is fascinating to read his discussion of what a "better nature," one without predation, might have looked like. Fascinating because he is so knowledgeable about real nature, adn committed to its protection. From phil cafaro

To: <hettingern@cofc.edu>

Subject: Philosophy & Geography - New Issue Alert

Volume 6 Number 2/August 2003 of Philosophy & Geography is now available on the Taylor & Francis web site at http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com.

URL of article: http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/link.asp?id=3HA7WNEY7K6Y0GHD

URL of article: http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/link.asp?id=QKL4314KXQ7NWUMW

American Indian Environmental Ethics, An Ojibwa Case Study, Callicott and Nelson, Prentice Hall 2004.

Genetic Engineering and our human nature, by Harold Baillie: Philosophy and Public Policy Quarterly (QQ) 23, ½, 2003, understanding the scared helps identify elements in nature and humannature that ought to be preserved.

Clive Pointing, Green History of the World: The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations

Clive Pointing, Green History of the World: Nature, Pollution & the Collapse of Societies (Penguine 1993).

Dale Jamieson, Morality’s Progress, Oxford 2002, includes Wild/Captive and other suspect dualisms, sustainability and beyond, moral responsibility in biotech communication, several articles on animal experimentation including one with Bekoff on “Ethics and the Study of Animal Cognition,” pain and the evolution of behavior, great apes and the human resistance to equality, is applied ethics worth doing?

Dale Jamieson, 1998, Science, Knoweldge, and Animal Minds,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 98,1 79-102

PARTICPATING WITH NATURE: OUTLINE FOR AN `ECOLOGIZATION OF OUR WORLD-VIEW by Wim Zweers.

Yi-Fu Tuan, U. of Wis Cultural geographer, Dominance and Affection: The Making of Pets 1984.

Geo-Logic: Breaking Ground between Philosophy and the Earth Sciences, Robert Frodeman Suny 2003

Toward an ethics of the domesticated environment pp. 3 - 14 Roger J. H. King: This essay articulates the importance of the domesticated landscape for a mature environmental ethics. Human beings are spatial beings, deeply implicated in their relationships to places, both wild and domesticated. Human identity evolves contextually through interaction with a "world." If this world obscures our perception of wild nature, it will be difficult to motivatethe social and psychological will to imagine, let alone participate in, a culture that values environmentally responsible conduct. My argument is informed by a pragmatist suspicion of fixed\dualisms separating humans from nature, the wild from the domesticated, and the natural from the artificial. Drawing on a variety of sources, the essay calls for greater attention to the ways in which the making of our domesticated worlds can contribute to or undermine our ability to take the intrinsic value of nature seriously.

Colonization, urbanization, and animals pp. 47 - 58 Clare Palmer: Urbanization and development of green spaces is continuing worldwide. Such development frequently engulfs the habitats of native animals, with a variety of effects on their existence location and ways of living. This paper attempts to theorize about some of these effects, drawing on aspects of Foucault's discussions of power and using a metaphor of human colonization, where colonization is understood as an "ongoing process of dispossession, negotiation, transformation, and resistance." It argues that a variety of different kinds of human/animal power relations can exist in urban areas, not all of which are examples of human domination. The paper concludes by raising a number of questions about the implications of these human/animal relations.

Wendell Berry, 2000 Life is a Miracle: An Essay Against Modern Supersitition, Couterpoint, Wash DC

Peter List (ed.), Environmental Ethics and Forestry: a Reader. (Temple UP, 2000). This is an excellent example of philosophy engaging practical conservation issues. It includes work by philosophers and foresters, discusses changes to the SAF code, etc.

E.O. Wilson, “The Biological Basis of Morality,” The Atlantic Monthly vol 281, 4 53-70.

David I. Theodoropoulos who is a member of the Society for Economic Botany is titled "Invasion Biology: Critique of a Pseudoscience" published 2003 by Avvar Books, 15245 Broadway Street, Blythe, California 92225 USA

Eric Higgs, Nature by Design: People, Natural Process, and Ecological Restoration, MIT press 2003.

Eric Higgs, What is Good Ecological Restoration, Conservation Biology Spring 1997

Brian Czech, Shoveling Fuel for a Runaway Train: Errant economists, shameful spenders, and a plan to stop them all, U of Calif Press, 2000 Chapter titles Economic Growth as National Gaol, steady state revolution, prologue a wilderness tail to an economic tale.

Mark A. Michael, Preserving Wildlife, Humanity Books 2002 includes medical treatment of wild animals, ethical considerations and animal welfare in eco field studies, Olympic goat controversy, captive breeding of endangered species, how to save African wildlife, elephants and economics, tourism as sustained use of wildlife. I have

David Ehrenfeld, Swimming Lessons: Keeping Afloat in the Age of Technology, Oxford 2002 I have.

Wayne Ouderkirk and Jim Hill, Land Value, Community: Callicott and environmental philosophy, SUNY 2002

Fatal Harvest: The tragedy of industrial agriculture, coffee table sized book, from the center for food safety, ed. By Andrew Kimbrell Island press 2002, foundation of deep ecology, Beautiful book. Includes Wendell Berry, norberg-hodge, farming as if nature mattered, , vandan shiva

Welfare Ranching: The subsidized Destruction of the American West, ed. George Wuerthner Island Press 2002.

American Heat: Ethical Problems With the United States Response to Global Warming

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: Potential Impacts of Proposed Oil & Gas Development on the

John Strohmeyer, "The New Battle," Chapter 19 from Extreme Conditions: Big Oil and the Transformation of Alaska

John G. Mitchell, "Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Oil Field or Sanctuary?" National Geographic(August 2001)

Sandra Hinchman, Endangered Species, Endangered Culture: Native Resistance to Industrializing the Arctic In: Watson, Alan; Sproull, janet, comps., 2001. Seventh World Wilderness Congress symposium: science and stewardship to protect and sustain wilderness values; 2001 November 2-8; Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Proceedings RMRS-P-000. Odgen, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Sandra Hinchman is Professor of Government at St. Lawrence University in Canton, New York, 13617 U.S.A., Fax: 315-229-5819, e-mail: shinchman@stlawu.edu. Available on the web at: http

Derr, Patrick G. and McNamara, Edward M., Case Studies in Environmental Ethics. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003. 43 cases, typically 3-4 pages each. Hawaiian feral pigs, oil and ANWR, golden rice, Bhopal, monkey-wrenching, great apes, the Delhi Sands fly, and a host of others. Useful for discussion groups in classes in environmental ethics. Derr is in philosophy, Clark University. McNamara is an attorney. (v.14, #4)

Grunwald, Michael, "Departmental Differences Show Over ANWR Drilling," Washington Post (10/19/01): A1. ANWR debate rages on. Drilling for oil in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) continues to be hotly contested. Proponents have recently been arguing for the drilling on national security grounds, as a way of lessening the U.S.'s dependence on foreign oil. Opponents of ANWR drilling argue that even if proponents are right that there is a 2-3 year U.S. supply of oil there (rather than the 6 month supply the opponents claim), the oil won't be available for years. Opponents also argue that raising automobile fuel efficiency standards would save us more oil overall and sooner. At recent Congressional hearings, U.S. Interior Secretary Gale Norton was accused by opponents of slanting her testimony about whether or not drilling would affect the Porcupine Caribou Herd which uses ANWR's coastal plain (where the oil is) to calve. Norton had asked Interior's own Fish and Wildlife Service for information on this issue and then selected only that part of their report that suited her pro-drilling purposes. She also cited a peer-review caribou study that concluded oil development would have no impact on the caribou. Opponents argued that the study was funded by BP Exploration (British Petroleum is one of the companies hoping to drill in ANWR). Given the conflicting studies, it seems reasonable to assume that we do not know how significantly the Porcupine Herd would be affected by oil development. But this uncertainty can itself be seen as a reason to forgo this development. Alaska's Gwich'in Indians continue to hunt this herd as part of a largely subsistence way of life. Significant disturbance of these caribou would threaten their cultural survival. Even a small chance of causing cultural genocide would seem to be enough to prohibit an optional activity of this sort. For a helpful discussion of the ANWR debate, see Sandra Hinchman, "Endangered Species, Endangered Culture: Native Resistance to Industrializing the Arctic" paper given at Seventh World Wilderness Congress, November 2-8, 2001, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Paper available from Hinchman at shinchman@stlawu.edu. Hinchman is Professor of Government at St. Lawrence University in Canton, New York. (v.12,#4)

Kaiser, Jocelyn, "Caribou Study Fuels Debate on Drilling in Arctic Refuge," Science 296(19 April 2002):444-445. Caribou study fuels debate on drilling in Arctic refuge. The US Department of Interior, US Geological Survey, released a report that said oil drilling would harm caribou in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), a report that came out on the eve of a Senate vote on drilling. But a week later there was a hastily done addendum, with revised conclusions. Some interpreted this as Interior Secretary Gail Norton manipulating science to promote the Bush Administration's views. Other scientists say the first report was based on a larger drilling area, which has since been reduced in size, and hence the addendum. Also the debate turns not only on where the caribou calve, but on where they then go to escape insects. Meanwhile other geologists note that best estimates are that drilling in ANWR would reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil from 62% to 60%, a drop in the bucket. (v.13,#2)

Rosenbaum, David, "Senate Deletes Higher Mileage Standard in Energy Bill," New York Times (3/14/02): A26; Rosenbaum, David, 'Two Sides Push on Arctic Oil, but Proposal Lacks Votes," New York Times (4/18/02), and Rosenbaum, David, "Senate Passes an Energy Bill Called Flawed by Both Sides," New York Times (4/26/02): A16. The issue of drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge involved intense lobbying in the Senate. Since the House had approved the drilling and President Bush supports it, the Senate vote would decide the issue. Arctic Power, a multimillion dollar lobbying group funded mainly by the state of Alaska, sent Inupiat Eskimos to Washington to lobby the Senators in favor of drilling (and the economic development it would involve for some Native Alaskans). Stephen Moore, president of The Club for Growth, a fund-raising group for conservative political candidates, explained why conservatives see arctic drilling as a matter of principle: "There is a belief on the environmentalist side that we're running out of oil, that we have to conserve energy. I'm adamantly opposed to energy conservation. We're not running out. All we have to do is go out and find it and produce it." The League of Conservation voters, which publishes an annual scorecard of environmental votes, announced that the vote on drilling would count double, calling it a "litmus test on who favors a flawed energy policy that relies on fossil fuels." One Senator who was trying to promote a compromise of limited drilling in the Arctic for tougher fuel efficiency standards gave up when he realized environmental organizations would not budge in their opposition to drilling: "If you told the environmentalist we would end global warming once and for all in return for ANWR, they'd still say no." (v.13,#2)

Berger, Joel, Anne Holyman, and William Weber, "Perturbation of Vast Ecosystems in the Absence of Adequate Science: Alaska's Arctic Refuge," Conservation Biology 15(no.2, 2001 Apr 01): 539-. (v.12,#3)

Catton, Theodore, Inhabited Wilderness: Indians, Eskimos, and Natural Parks in Alaska. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997. Focus in Glacier Bay, Denali, and Gates of the Arctic. The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act in 1980 set aside ten national parks, nine of which allow Alaska natives, whites included, "customary and traditional" subsistence use. Catton is a historian for the Historical Research Associates, Missoula, MT. (v.10,#1)

Kaye, Roger, "The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: An Exploration of the Meanings Embodied in America's Last Great Wilderness," Wild Earth 9 (No. 4, Wint 1999): 92-. (v.11,#2)

Peepre, Juri and Jickling, Bob, eds. Northern Protected Areas and Wilderness. Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada: Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, and Yukon Conservation Society, 1994. 379pp. $20 softcover. The book is a lightly edited compilation of the presentations made at an international conference, November 1993 in the Yukon Territory, by a host of native people, resource professionals, educators, and activists--nearly all of them from the grassroots of the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of North America. The examination of the North by northerners provided the unique nature of the conference and gives value to this publication. (v7,#2)

Revkin, Andrew, "Hunting for Oil: New Precision, Less Pollution" New York Times (01/30/01): D1. New oil-drilling techniques that are environmentally less harmful. With the ongoing debate over whether to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, it may be useful to understand some of the new oil discovery and extraction technologies touted by industry as environmentally friendly. Instead of peppering the surface with wells over a broad area, new supercomputer simulations of the deep earth and new drilling equipment allow wells to be constructed on small gravel pads with drills branching out underground for four or five miles following thin layers containing oil. Instead of waste pits that overflow with drilling mud, contaminated water, spilled oil, and discarded chemicals, waste, garbage, and rock cuttings can now be ground into a slurry and pumped into the ground 2000 feet beneath the 2000 foot-thick permafrost. Roads that were once built of gravel mined from river beds and that spread far and wide on the fragile tundra can now be built from ice (either from water pumped from tundra ponds or from ice scraped from ponds and laid down like gravel). Ice roads melt away in the spring thaw and leave few traces. Even the maze of pipelines which are an unavoidable means of collecting the oil can be raised to allow animals to duck underneath and are punctuated with elevated elbows so that less oil is spilled if one section is punctured. Both sides agree that the new surveying techniques are a mixed blessing environmentally. Although no longer using dynamite, the new three-dimensional seismic technology that performs ultrasound on the earth involves the use of vibrating 10-ton vehicles that do not travel on ice roads but crisscross the open tundra in a much more intensive way than with the old surveying techniques. Scars are left on the tundra and there is a greatly increased chance of encountering and disrupting wildlife. The new surveying techniques have raised the success rate from 1 producing well for each 10 exploratory wells to 5 in 10. One environmental critic responding to the elaboration of these new technologies says that once the work shifts from exploration to extraction of oil, the result is always a sprawl of pipelines, roads, crew quarters, and fuel depots: "In the end, even with all this technology, you've got a massive industrial complex."

Callicott, J. Baird and Eugene C. Hargrove. "Leopold's `Means and Ends in Wild Life Management': A Brief Commentary." Environmental Ethics 12(1990):333-37. Leopold's lecture at Beloit College provides an important glimpse into his conversion from a philosophy of prudent scientific resource management to a land ethic and aesthetic. Leopold here advocates natural regulation not simply because of his growing concern that invasive management principles are limited, but also because of aesthetic considerations that were independent of his instrumental or "utilitarian" training at the Yale Forest School and in the U.S. Forest Service. The lecture is helpful in correcting an unfortunate misreading of Leopold's famous essay, "The Land Ethic," according to which the land ethic is interpreted as being based primarily on human welfare and self-interest. Callicott is in the department of philosophy, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens-Point, WI. Hargrove is in the department of philosophy, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas. (EE)