Table 1. Landsat Thematic Mapper images used in this study

Table 2. Landsat Thematic Mapper mean DN values from subset areas of interest

Figure 1. Location map of South Florida and the Florida Keys

Figure 2. Long term change on Carysfort Reef, 1975 to 1998.

Figure 3. Upwelling spectral irradiance from selected coral reef environments

Figure 4. Simulated band ratios from high resolution spectral reflectance

Figure 5. Location of Landsat Thematic Mapper subset study sites (Areas of Interest)

Figure 6. Carysfort Reef subset area showing positioning of area of interest

Figure 7. Three dimensional plots of TM Bands 1,2,3 for habitat subsets

Figure 8. Carysfort and Molasses Reefs: Time series of Landsat TM spectral reflectance

Figure 9. Rodriguez Key: Time series of Landsat TM spectral reflectance and Texture

Figure 11. Carysfort and Molasses Reefs: Time series of spatial texture

Figure 12. Rodriguez Key and Key Largo: Three-dimensional model of habitat change

Figure 13. Molasses Reef: Three-dimensional model of reef habitat change

Figure 14. Carysfort Reef: Three-dimensional model of reef habitat change

Appendix I. Landsat TM Data Inventory 1982-99

Appendix II. Landsat TM Data Inventory: NASA/GSFC Scrounge File

Appendix III. Landsat TM Data Inventory: Thematic Mapper Scene Images

Appendix IV. Landsat TM Data Inventory: NLAPS Format Description Document

Appendix V. Sources of Error

Imagery was supplied by the Eros Data Center, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and US Geological Survey (via Florida Marine Research Institute), Since each image possesses some clouds and otherwise unusable areas, not all habitats study sites had the same number of subsets

These data were extracted from the subset areas of interest shown in Figure 5. The mean values of each subset are listed under the appropriate spectral band designation (Band 1 = blue, Band 2 = green, and Band 3 = red). Near infrared and far infrared bands were not utilized in offshore and reef calculations as these wavelengths are sharply absorbed by water and would not contribute any information concerning the optical properties of submerged benthic habitats.

The reef has undergone near ecological collapse as the major reef-building corals have died from a multiplicity of stressors in the last 25 years. These plots were produced from line transects in 1975 and 1982-3, and from video sampled sampling sites in the same habitats in 1997-8.

These data were taken using a submersible multichannel irradiance spectroradiometer (Biospherical Instruments, MER series). The data are the actual measured upwelling spectral irradiance of shallow water tropical habitats under natural illumination.

These data were merged using measurements of high-resolution spectral reflectance in combination with the spectral responsivity of the blue, green, and red bands (1,2,3) of the Landsat Thematic Mapper.

Image of the Key Largo region with the actual area of interest sample site area of interest

The location of the reef subsets were placed using a classified satellite image (Spot pan and Spot XS merged).

The outline of the area of interest (AOI) was generated by "tracing" the edge of the shallow reef of a classified satellite image. The tick marks are the location of GPS satellite navigational fixes (with and without differential GPS). The right image shows the final position of the Carysfort Reef AOI after taking the GPS offset into account. This AOI closely overlays the outline of the shallow reef. The central point marks the location of the 30m lighthouse that stands on the reef.

Plots show the relationship between TM bands 1,2,3 (B,G,R) for each of the sampled habitats.

Temporal texture has been used as the vertical axis in this three-dimensional modeling of change. Rodriguez Key shows little change while the Key Largo mainland has undergone considerable alteration. Note the relatively "flat" region on the southeast area of Key Largo. While much of the island has been developed, this mangrove "forest" cannot be developed.

The upper right image is a digital scan of a NAPP high altitude aerial photograph showing the general reef features. The shallow areas are saturated and clearly show the seaward edge of the shallow reef. The spur and groove zone lies seaward of the shallow reef. The upper image depicts a composite of temporal texture for Bands 1,2,and 3 of Landsat TM. The lower image depicts the result of a three-dimensional modeling of reef change using temporal texture as the vertical axis. A modified true color version of the image AOI was draped over the "wire frame" to show the general habitat features.

The upper right image is a digital scan of a NAPP high altitude aerial photograph showing the general reef features. The shallow areas show the reef flat and the seaward edge of the shallow reef. The The lighthouse and its shadow can be clearly seen in the middle of the photograph. The upper image depicts a composite of temporal texture in Bands 1,2,and 3 of Landsat TM. The lower image depicts shows the result of a three-dimensional modeling of reef change using temporal texture as the vertical axis. A modified true color version of the image AOI was draped over the "wire frame" to show the general habitat features.