METABOLISM - the sum of all reactions occurring in the body
CATABOLISM - degradation; breaking bonds
......Digestion:
..........proteins hydrolyze to ----> amino acids ----> urea
...........di- & polysaccharides hydrolyze to ----> monosaccharides
..........fats & oils hydrolyze to ----> fatty acids and glycerol ---> oxidation
ANABOLISM - biosynthesis; making bonds
Coupled Reactions - two coordinated, concerted reactions, one release energy, the other requiring energy
ADP ------------------------> ATP ------------------------------------------> ADP
ADP + Pi ----> ATP + H2O stores energy for later use
H2O + ATP ----> ADP + Pi releases energy for use by cells
ETS : Electron Transport System- requires O2; occurs in mitochondria (oxidative phosphorylation)
Coenzymes NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
FADH2 Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
Cytochromes iron-containing enzymes of ETS
Oxidation loss of hydrogen, loss of electons
Reduction gain of hydrogen, gain of electrons
TCA Cycle: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle - occurs in mitochondria; rate is determined by energy needs of the cell
For each cycle: Reactants Products 1 acetyl-CoA 1 CoA 3 NAD+ 3 NADH + 3H+ 1 FAD 1 FADH2 } to ETS 1 ADP + Pi 1 ATP } to ETS 2 CO2
Glycolysis - occurs in cytoplasm; series of reactions by which glucose is oxidized to pyruvate
1) Aerobic - in the presence of oxygen: produces acetyl-CoA, NADH + H+, and CO2
2) Anaerobic- in the absence of oxygen: produces lactic acid and NAD+