Reactions take place at the functional group.
"When in doubt --- spit it out."
"The characteristic reaction of alkenes is (Markovnikov) addition." (Them that has-- gets.)
"The characteristic reaction of benzenes is substitution."
Oxidation is an increase in O or C-O bonds or a decrease in H or C-H bonds. Oxidizing agents [O] include O3, Na2Cr2O7, KMnO4, and CrO3.
Reduction is an increase in H or C-H bonds or a decrease in O or C-O bonds. Reducing agents [H] include H2, LiAlH4, or NaBH4.
organic + O2 (flame) -----> CO2 + H2O [combustion]
alkene + H2 ------>alkane [hydrogenation, reduction, addition]
alkene + Br2 -----> bromoalkane [bromination, halogenation, addition]
alkene + water -----> alcohol [hydration, Markovnikov addition]
alkene + haloacid -----> alkyl halide [Markovinkov addition]
alkyne + H2 -----> alkene [hydrogenation, reduction, addition]
alcohol + H2SO4, heat -----> alkene + H2O [dehydration, elimination]
alcohol + alcohol + H2SO4, heat -----> ether + H2O [dehydration, condensation]
ether + acid (H+) + H2O -----> alcohol + alcohol [hydrolysis]
1o alcohol + [O] -----> aldehyde -----> carboxylic acid [oxidation]
2o alcohol+ [O] ----->ketone [oxidation]
3o alcohol + [O] -----> NO REACTION
aldehyde + [H] 1o alcohol [hydrogenation, reduction]
ketone + [O] -----> NO REACTION
ketone +[H] -----> 2o alcohol [reduction]
thiol + [O] -----> disulfide [oxidation]
disulfide + [H] -----> thiol [reduction]
thiol + strong base (NaOH) -----> H2O + R-SNa [acid-base]
phenol + strong base (NaOH) -----> Na-phenolate + H2O [acid-base]
alkene monomer -----> polymer [addition polymerization]
benzene + Br2 -----> phenyl -Br + HBr [bromination, substitution]
benzene + H2SO4 -----> phenyl -SO3H + H2O [sulfonation, substitution]
benzene + HNO3 -----> phenyl -NO2 + H2O [nitration, substitution]
aldehyde + alcohol -----> hemiacetal
hemiacetal + alcohol -----> acetal + H2O
ketone + alcohol -----> hemiketal
hemiketal + alcohol -----> ketal + H2O
acetal + H2O -----> hemiacetal + alcohol -----> aldehyde + alcohol [hydrolysis]
ketal + H2O -----> hemiketal + alcohol -----> ketone + alcohol [hydrolsis]
carboxylic acid + H2O -----> carboxylate ion + hydronium [hydrolysis]
carboxylic acid + strong base -----> carboxylate salt + H2O [neutralization]
carboxylic acid + decarboxylation enzyme -----> CO2 + alkane [decarboxylation]
carboxylic acid + [H] -----> aldehyde -----> 1o alcohol [hydrogenation,reduction]
carboxylic acid + alcohol -----> ester + H2O [esterification]
dicarboxylic acid + diol -----> polyester + H2O [condensation polymerization (polyester)]
ester + H2O in acid -----> carboxylic acid + alcohol [hydrolysis]
ester + strong base -----> carboxylate salt + alcohol [saponification]
amine + H2O -----> ammonium ion + hydroxide ion [hydrolysis]
amine + HCl -----> amine hydrochloride [acid-base]
amine + carboxylic acid -----> amide + H2O [condensation]
diamine + dicarboxylic acid -----> polyamide [condensation polymerization (polyamide, "nylon")]
amide + H2O + acid -----> carboxylic acid + amine [hydrolysis]
Return to Deavor's CHEM102 Home Page.Return to Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Home Page.